Ink-jet technique has the advantages of simplicity, cost-effectiveness and high spatial resolution. Besides the inkjet printer, the technique has many potential applications in freeforming, microfabrication, MEMS, biochip and materials synthesis. The pioneer works in these fields were reviewed, and an 8-nozzle combinatorial inkjet synthesizer developed in our group was demonstrated, its performance and applications were also discussed.

During the crystal growth by VBM, the relationships between crucible descending rate and crystal growth rate
greatly influence the crystal quality. In this paper, finite element method (FEM) was used to simulate the growth process of CdZnTe crystal and the
effects of different crucible descending rates on crystal growth rate and solid-liquid interface configuration were studied as well. Simulations show
that when crucible descends at the rate of about 1mm/h, which nearly equals to crystal growth rate, nearly flat solid/liquid interface and little
variation of axial temperature gradient near it can be attained, which are well consistent with the results of experiments. Therefore, CdZnTe crystal
with low dislocation density can be obtained by employing and adjusting appropriate crucible moving rate during the crystal growth.

High-quality Sr²⁺-doped α-BBO crystals were grown by the Czochralski method. The result of X-ray diffraction indicates that the grown crystals are α-BBO crystal. The results of transmission and birefractive indices show that Sr²⁺ ions
do not affect the optical properties of α-BBO. The measurements of DSC-TG and thermal expansion coefficient of Sr²⁺-doped α-BBO crystal manifest that Sr²⁺ ions also do
not influence the thermal properties of α-BBO. Meanwhile, the study of defects investigated by chemical etching illustrates that the quality of seed crystal is the most important factor of the quality of as-grown crystals.

By spark plasma sintering (SPS) and post-sintering heat treatments at 1700℃ for 7h and 17h
respectively, the optical transmission of R_0.33Si_9.3Al_2.7O_1.7N_14.3 (R=Gd, Y and Er) in 4000～1500cm^-1 (2.5～6.6μm) was studied.
The results indicate that fully densified specimens obtained by SPS are with homogenous distributed α’ grains. Among three SPS-ed specimens, Y
α-sialon ceramic has the highest transmittance and it reaches 56% for the specimen with 0.5mm in thickness. The heat treatment for 7h causes
the decrease in optical transmittance due to the formation of the second crystallized phase in the specimens. The optical
transmittance of specimens can be improved by suitable heat treatment, and the maximum optical transmittance value of Gd117 can be increased from 47% as
SPS-ed to 56% after heat-treated at 1700℃ for 17h.

Porous Si₃N₄ ceramics with high strength, uniform structure and relative high porosity were
obtained by gelcasting. The mechanical performances and micro-structure of the porous Si₃N₄ ceramics were studied and the reasons were
discussed. It was showed that using proper techniques, green bodies with high strength, uniform structure and good machining proparey
could be got. Results show that the sintered porous Si₃N₄ ceramics have strength more than 150MPa and porosity up to 50%. SEM shows that porous are formed
by the banding-up of pillar β-Si₃N₄. The uniform porous distribution and pillar structure are the main reasons for good mechanical performances.

By using nanometer-sized Fe₃O₄ as support, TiO₂/SiO₂/Fe₃O₄ coated particles were prepared by a sol-gel method. Its structure and morphology were
characterized by XRD, TEM, and element analysis methods. The photocatalytic reactivity of TiO₂/SiO₂/Fe₃O₄ was studied with methyl orange
solution. The results indicate that the TiO₂/SiO₂/Fe₃O₄ two-double coated particles are composed of SiO₂ mesosphere and anatase
TiO₂ crust. The new photocatalyst has not only excellent photocatalytic activity but also good magnetic property that can make the callback easy.

MgAl₂O₄ spinel nanometer powders were synthesized via sol-gel process of aluminium
isopropoxide that hydrated in the solution of magnesium nitrate with tetrahydrofuran being stabilizer. The crystallization process of
MgAl₂O₄ precursor and the effect of calcination temperatures on spinel grain size and sinterability were investigated by DTA, XRD and
TEM. The results indicated that this method could lower the formation temperature of MgAl₂O₄ apparently. Monolithic spinel nanometer
powders were produced at the temperature as low as 900℃, with primary particle sizes of about twenty nanometers. The powder
calcined at 900℃ showd best sinterability, and dense spinel ceramic with 99% relative density could be obtained at the sintering
temperature as low as 1600℃.

Nanocrystalline [Mg-Al-CO₃] layered double hydroxides were prepared by using microwave irradiation and varied rate of dripping alkali. Then [Mg-Al-PO₄] and [Mg-Al-P₂O₇] layered
double hydroxides were successfully synthesized by the direct reaction of free PO^3-₄ and P₂O^4-₇ with [Mg-Al-CO₃] layered double hydroxides precursor using microwave technique
and the anion-intercalation method. By using this method [Mg-Al-CO₃] layered double hydroxides with a particle size of about 10nm to 40nm were produced. The effect of microwave and
the rate of dripping alkali on [Mg-Al-CO₃] layered double hydroxides was discussed. And the samples thus obtained were characterized by FT-IR, TEM and XRD. The results show that the initial
interlayer carbonate ions can be completely replaced by PO^3-₄ and P₂O^4-₇ under the controlled microwave conditions employed in a short time.

VO₂ nanopowders with various stoichiometries and crystalline states were prepared by pyrolyzing the
precursor, (NH₄)₅[(VO)₆(CO₃)₄(OH)₉]·10H₂O, at low temperature in a mixed flow of air and N₂. The adsorption properties of
crystal, quasi-crystal and amorphous state nano-VO₂-powders were studied. DSC results indicate that VO_2.025 exhibits a phase transition at
70.1℃ and has the maximum phase transition heat in the range from VO_1.985 to VO_2.071. The unit-cell parameters of various stoichiometry VO_x were determined. The results show that the unit-cell volume of the monoclinic VO_x phase increases linearly from
the oxygen-deficient VO₂ to the oxygen-rich VO₂.

Single phase of Gd_1-xEu_xAl₃(BO₃)₄(0≤x≤1) was obtained by the evaporation of its nitrate solution,
and calcinations at 1000℃ for 24h. Ultraviolet (UV) and vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) luminescent properties of Eu³⁺ in GdAl₃(BO₃)₄
were systematically studied. In GdAl₃(BO₃)₄:Eu³⁺, rare earths are located in noncentrosymmetric sites, and the predominant emission of
Eu³⁺ is ⁵D₀→⁷F₂. GdAl₃(BO₃)₄:Eu³⁺ shows intense red emission with CIE chromaticity coordinates of (0.645, 0.330)
under 147nm excitation, it indicates that this phosphor is a promising new luminescent material for application in plasma display panel (PDP). The VUV
excitation spectra of activated GdAl₃(BO₃)₄:Eu³⁺ are composed of two broad bands. The 158nm excitation band is assigned to the energy level
of BO₃ groups and the other band centered at 258nm is assigned to the charge transfer transition between Eu³⁺ and O^2-. The GdAl₃(BO₃)₄:Eu³⁺
shows maximum intensity emission for the doped 50at% of Eu³⁺ under 258nm excitation and 5at% of Eu³⁺ under 147nm excitation, respectively.
Therefore, the energy relaxation pathway to the Eu³⁺ sites should be different.

The TEOS, stoichiometric magnesium nitrate and aluminum nitrate, and some carbamide were dissolved in the
solution of CH₃CH₂OH-H₂O. The solution was heated at 100℃ and then transformed into gelatinate. The dried gelatinate calcined at high
temperature and a compound of MgO, Al₂O₃ and SiO₂ could be obtained. The powder calcined at different temperatures and the sample sintered at
1350℃ for 2h were examined by using XRD. The X-Ray diffraction studies indicate that the forms of the matrix when heat-treated come through
a progress from amorphous compound to α-cordierite, with the appearance and disappearance of μ-cordierite, spinel and β-SiO₂. The whole
sample sintered at 1350℃ is made of α-cordierite. The highest density of the samples is 99.5%. The SEM micrograph of the sample
shows that the grain is flake. The densification process of pure cordierite ceramics was investigated.

Magnesium oxysulfate whiskers (5Mg(OH)₂·MgSO₄·3H₂O) with a diameter of 0.5--1.0μm
and a length of 30--50μm were synthesized via precipitation in room temperature followed with the hydrothermal reaction, using MgSO₄ and NaOH
as the raw materials. The experimental results indicate that the addition of magnesium hydroxide increases the specific conductance of the magnesium sulfate
hydrothermal solution obviously, implying that magnesium oxysulfate whiskers may be formed via the dissolution of Mg(OH)₂ followed with the interaction
of Mg²⁺, SO₄^2- and OH^^- ions. The hydrothermal process of the whiskers is controlled by the crystal growth step and the corresponding
kinetic model is as follows: -dc/dt=0.438(c-0.417)⁴.

Titanium compound nanowire arrays were fabricated into the pores of anodic alumina membrane by electrodeposition under DC and pulsed current. Through scanning electron microscopy and cyclic voltammeter, the effects of deposition conditions such as the electronic signals and applied voltages on the quality of prepared nanowires were investigated. Dense Ti(Ⅳ) compound arrays were obtained by using pulsed eletrodeposition.

LiCoO₂ whisker array were prepared by using porous anodic aluminium oxide (PAA) template in sol solution containing Li(OAc) and Co(OAc)₂ for different
dipping time. Electron microscope results show that with the dipping time increasing, the lengths of the LiCoO₂ whisker increase, the distribution becomes more uniform and the crystal lattice disfigurement
decreases. X-ray diffraction investigation demonstrates that LiCoO₂ whisker is a layered structure of LiCoO₂ crystal. Electrochemical tests show that LiCoO₂ whisker array electrodes have
good electrochemical reversibility and higher capacitance.

The Changes in interface performances of LiMn₂O₄/LiPF₆-(EC+DEC) solution with before
and after charge-discharge cycling and storage were investigated by impedance technique combined with cyclic voltammetry. The resistance and
the capacitance of the surface film increase significantly during the first several cycles, but nearly remain unchanged later. The charge-
transfer resistance increases, but the interface capacitance nearly remains unchanged. The surface film resistance decreases at the early
stage during storage but then increases a little with time. The charge-transfer resistance increases significantly after storage,
especially at the early stage during storage. The surface film capacitance and interface capacitance nearly remain unchanged during
storage. Possible mechanisms for the changes in these interface performances were explained.

The effect of B-Site aliovalent ion (Al, Cr) substitution on the ionic conductivity of Li_3xLa_2/3-xTiO₃
was investigated. The results show that partial substitution of smaller Al³⁺ for Ti⁴⁺ is effective to enhance the ionic conductivity of Li_3xLa{_2/3-xTiO₃.
At 300K, the maximum bulk conductivity of (1.58±0.01)×10^-3S·cm^-1 observed from the composition of (Li_0.39La_0.54)_1+y/2Al_yTi_1-yO₃
with y=0.02(x=0.13), is the highest yet reported for known perovskite solutions at room temperature. The conductivity enhancement is due to the
substitution-induced bond strength change rather than due to bottleneck size change for Li migration, TiO₆-octahedron tilting or A-site cation ordering.

Dielectric and piezoelectric properties of (Na_0.8K_0.2)_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃ ceramics were
investigated. The results show that ferroelectric-antiferroelectric and antiferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition with relaxor characteristic
occur from room temperature to 500℃, leading to the two peaks of electric permittivity to temperature. At room temperature, it has relative
high remanent polarization P_r=29.4μC/cm² and low conceive field E_c=2.8kV/mm. The polarized ceramics have good piezoelectric
properties such as piezoelectric constant d₃₃=120pC/N, electromechanical coupling factor K_p=28.5%, frequency constant N_φ=2916Hz·m,
as well as minimum resonance frequency temperature coefficient at 120℃.

he Ag₂O-Nb₂O₅-Ta₂O₅ (ANT) system is a novel high frequency high permittivity ceramic material which can be sintered below 1150℃. The doping of Na⁺ can replace A
site ions (Ag⁺) in ANT to form ANNT system. In this paper proper Na⁺ ions were introduced into ANT system. XRD, SEM, and energy spectrum analysis show that proper Na⁺ addition makes the
lattice parameter reduced, i.e. the capacity of octahedron reduced, the dielectric dissipation factor of the system is improved efficiently because of depression of relaxation polarization of Nb⁵⁺, and
the dielectric properties of the system are as follows: ε>500, tgδ≤5×10^-4,
α_c=+12ppm/℃,ρ_v>1012Ω·cm.

A series of nanocrystalline powder of La_(1-x-y)Ca_xSr_yMnO₃ was prepared by sol-gel technique, then
was pressed and annealed to form ceramic. The results of magnetic measurement show that the Curie temperature of all the samples varies from 250K to 330K,
and the maximal absolute value of (dM/dT) varies from 1.353 to 3.392A·m²/kg·K. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
measurements indicate that the latent heat in phase transition changes from 0.852 to 2.381J/g and increases with the increase of the maximal absolute values of (dM/dT).
In addition, the maxial absolute value of (dM/dT) of La_0.8-xCa_0.20Sr_xMnO₃(x=0.05, 0.08, 0.10) is also larger. Their Curie
temperatures are adjacent to room temperature and they can be used as magnetic refrigeration materials at about room temperature.

Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂·Ca₂(PO₄)₃-MgAl₂O₄ (HAP·TCP-Spinel) composite biomaterials were synthesized by chemical
deposition and followed by powder metallurgy technique. Microstructures were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
(FTIR), X-ray diffraction(XRD), scan electron microscopy(SEM), and transmission electron microscopy(TEM). TEM observation shows that a perfect
combination is presented in the interface between HAP crystals and Spinel crystals. The effects of composition on mechanical properties
investigated show that the highest compressive strength and bending strength are σ_b=212MPa and σ_t=352MPa respectively, matching
the composition of 62.5wt% of HAP in the composite. Similar to HAP, the composite is available to adsorb serum protein and albumin protein, though the amount of protein adsorption
on the surface of the composite is significantly less than that on surface of HAP.

Nanosized hydroxyapatite powders were prepared by a microwave process using Ca(NO₃)₂·H₂O and(NH₄)₂HPO₄ as starting materials.
The powder is composed of rod-shaped particle that is about 30nm in width and 80～200nm in length. The synthesized powders were measured by X-ray
diffraction, transmission electron, infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Various parameters such as time and power of microwave irradiation
have significant effects on thermal stability of hydroxyapatite. The results show that the decomposition temperatures of HAP increase with
time prolonging and power increasing of microwave irradiation. When the time and power of microwave irradiation are 1h and 700W, and the sample treated
at 500℃ for 3h, HAP is still stable at 1200℃.

Aimed at solving the problems on sintering of Ca-P bioceramics by using a conventional furnace, such as high
sintering temperature, long holding time, large grain size and the difficulty to enhance the bioactive and the mechanical strength simultaneously,
porous HA/β-TCP biphasic bioceramics were prepared by using a microwave plasma method. The properties of specimens were compared to those of specimens
sintered by a conventional furnace. The comparison shows that plasma sintered specimens exhibit a higher linear shrinkage and densification
rate, smaller grain size and higher compressive strength. After incubating in SBF, the amount of bone-like apatite formed on the specimens sintered
by microwave plasma is more than that of specimens sintered by a conventional furnace. The results indicate that porous HA/β-TCP
biphasic bioceramics sintered by microwave plasma have better mechanical properties and also may have better biological properties.

The starting powders selected for solid-state reaction to synthesize alpha-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) were CaHPO₄·2H₂O and CaCO₃. The effects of dispersed medium and
mineralizer CaF₂ on the synthesis of α-TCP and phase transformation were investigated. The results show that a metastable high temperature phase (α-TCP) prepared by calcining the
nonstoichiometric hydroxyapatite powder with poor crystallization obtained by grinding the mixture in distilled water is more stable than those prepared by grinding the mixture in an ethanol system. A new
and easy route, based on the solid-state reaction and the addition of CaF₂, was developed to synthesize alpha-calcium phosphate (α-TCP). For samples containing 1.0wt% and 1.5 wt% CaF₂, calcined in
the range of 1350℃ to 1450℃ and 1350℃ to 1480℃, respectively, a pure phase α-TCP was obtained. The transition energy of β-TCP to α-TCP during cooling
process is decreased by adding some mineralizer CaF₂. It will be helpful to keep the metastable high temperature phase (α-TCP) at room temperature. The stability of α-TCP in the course
of furnace cooling is also related to the content of CaF₂.

The chemically compatibility of iron aluminide with zirconia matrix was analyzed by thermodynamic theory.
The results show that the chemical interaction between iron aluminide intermetallic and zirconia matrix will not take place when Al<42at%,
and this result was certified by XRD,SEM and HREM. HREM image exhibits that the interface between Fe₃Al and 3Y-TZP is clean, and no reaction
phase exists at the interface. The atom arrangement beside interface between Fe₃Al and ZrO₂ is partly corresponding, existing at
semicoherent state. The mismatch degree δ of spacing between planes in crystal is 30%, and the dislocation induced by mismatch
exists at interface.

Modified kaolinite/titanium oxide composite was prepared by the combination of sol-gel technique and mechanochemical method. The analysis of XRD and FT-IR
shows that the surface of modified kaolinite is coated by porous titanium oxide. Furthermore the electrorheological effect is associated with the titanium oxide mass percent in the composite particle.
When the content of titanium oxide in the composite is 34%, E=3kV/mm, and particle/silicone oil volume fraction is 25%, the yield stress of modified kaolinite/titanium oxide composite ERF is 7 kPa, which is 9 times
of that of kaolinite ERF. The improvement of dielectric properties can well explain the increase of ER effects.

An approach toanalyze the tensile behavior and damage evolution of three-dimensional braided C/SiC composite.Monotonic tensile tests were performed. Acoustic emission (AE) was used to monitor damage extension during test.Damage evolution was analyzed and different damage phases were determined by AE characteristic parameters data. Critical damage stress described with AE cumulates energy waw also defined.

The field-activated pressure-assisted combustion synthesis (FAPACS) process was utilized to produce and densify tungsten carbides material from tungsten and carbon powders with different mole ratios. The effects of the temperature, the reactants composition on the products composition, density and microhardness were investigated. The relative densities of end-products are from 81.1% to 84.2%. Vickers microhardness measurements (at 1kg force) on the dense samples gave values from 731kg·mm^-2 to 498kg·mm^-2.

Ceramic coatings containing α-Al₂O₃ were prepared on Ti-6Al-4V alloy by an alternat-ing-current micro-plasma oxidation (MPO) method in
solutions of sodium aluminate. The Knoop hardness (H_K) and coating-substrate adhesion of MPO coatings were measured by the microhardness tester and
ball-on-plate impact tester. Influences of the electrolyte concentration and cathodic to anodic current ratio I_c/I_a on the phase
composition and mechanical properties of coatings were discussed. The results show that the coating formed at weak aluminate solution
(≤0.05mol/L) consists of TiO₂ and Al₂TiO₅; at high aluminate concentration (0.15-0.20mol/L) consists of TiO₂, Al_2TiO₅ and
α-Al_2O_3. The content of α-Al₂O₃ increases with the decreasing I_c/I_a ratio. H_K of coatings containing α-Al₂O₃ varies within 1100-1600 H_k50g which
is much higher than that of Ti substrate and even the coating not containing α-Al₂O₃. Distribution profile of H_K from
interface toward the coating surface shows that H_K gradually increases and reaches the maximum value around 35--45μm. In addition, there is no spallation
after impact tests observed by SEM, which indicates MPO coatings have the excellent interfacial adhesion with the titanium substrate. The
cycle thermal shock tests show that, the thinnest film possesses the highest number of cycles.

Diamond films are essential to next generation X-ray lithography mask. The affection of different
process parameter to nucleation density and nucleation quality were investigated by controlling substrate-temperature, changing growth-time
and CH₄ concentration etc., and some high-density nucleation samples were obtainted. Mean time, pregrowth process after nucleation of
diamond films was improved and dominant growth of major island was restrained effectively. The results show that the nucleation process
can be optimized as 14% of CH₄ concentration, 700℃ of substrate-temperature, 14min of nucleation. The optical properties and stress distribution
of free-standing diamond membranes can be improved greatly.

Low resistivity n-type diamond films were prepared by boron and phosphorus co-doping with the ion implantation method.
Hall effect measurements show that the samples have nearly equivalent carrier concentration while the Hall mobility and conductivity of B-P
co-doped diamond films are higher than those of P doped diamond films. FTIR measurements show that the formation of B-H complexes passivates
the acceptor of boron and prevents the phosphorus from passivating by boron. EPR and Raman measurements indicate that the B-P co-doped diamond
films have more perfect lattice than those of P doped diamond films, which is benefit to improve the carrier mobility and decrease the resistivity.

The feasibility of diamond film coated alumina ceramics used as the packaging substrate of integrated circuits
with ultra high speed and high power was studied. The measurement results of dielectric properties of the diamond film/alumina composites show that CVD
diamond films can effectively reduce the dielectric constant of the composite. Carbon ions implantated into alumina substrates prior to the diamond deposition
can reduce the dielectric loss of the composite from 5×10^-3 to 2×10^-3, and make the composite have better frequency stability.
The thermal conductivity of the composite can obviously increase by CVD diamond film. With increasing the thickness of diamond film, the thermal
conductivity of the composite will monotonously increase. The composite has a dielectric coefficient of 6.5 and a thermal conductivity of 3.98W/cm·K
when the thickness of diamond film is up to 100μm.

The atomic configurations and optical properties of hydrogenated amorphous silicon nitride (a-SiN_x:H)
films deposited by helicon wave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (HWP-CVD) were analyzed by using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)
spectroscopy and ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopy. The results reveal that the films show different Si/N ratio and hydrogen bonding mode
at the various ratio between the silicon and nitrogen containing gases (R), For nitride-rich samples, hydrogen has a chemical preference to
bind to nitride. On the other hand, for silicon-rich samples, hydrogen atoms bind preferentially to silicon. The optical band gap, E_g
and E₀₄ of a-SiN_x:H films decrease gradually with the increase of R, which is attributed to the increase of disorder degree of the
a-SiN_x:H film microstructure. Additionally, the correlation between (E₀₄--E_g) and the slop of Tauc plot, B for the a-SiN_x:H
films is established.

Spherical nanocrystals of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) were synthesized by inflight oxidation of titanium (Ti) metal-atoms in argon-oxygen thermal plasma. Morphology investigation shows that these nanoparticles obtained are perfectly spherical and dispersible. Their average grain sizes are about 20nm. XRD analysis reveals that these spherical nanoparticles are totally crystalline, comprised of anatase and rutile or their composite.

FeS₂(Pyrite) nanocrystals were synthesized successfully by the hydrothermal reaction using FeS₂
crystalline seed with EDTA and tartaric acid as complex additives to optimize the preparation condition. The properties of the particles were
investigated by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the product is
single-phase pyrite with an ellipse-like shape and the average particle size of about 20nm. In the ultraviolet-visible range, pyrite shows a strong
absorptivity between 215--314nm and the direct band gap takes place blue shift. The mechanism of formation of FeS₂ nanocrystal was discussed
in terms of the growth process.

Nano rare earth alloy was prepared by a supersonic co-precipitation and low temprature reduction synthesis method. The research of XRD, SEM, TEM indicates that the particle size of the sample powder is about 20nm, and the test results by PEMFC electrochemistry workstation show that the sample powder modified by Pt has good electrocatalytic activity due to its good hydrogen transfer power.

The processing with a physical method by using combined-size particles to decrease firing temperature for Ni-Cu-Zn ferrite was reported. As the densification process can be accelerated by selecting suitable ratio of nano-particles and micro-particles, the firing temperature was decreased and high initial magnetic permeability was held above 700 for Ni0.13Cuo.26Zn0.64Fe1.9804 ferrite. The initial magnetic permeability of the low firing (900℃) ferrite prepared by combined-size powders with 10% nano-sized powders was 764.

Continuous mass production of carbon nanotubes with chemical vapor deposition was studied by using secondary fluidized bed. Parameters such as temperature and flow rate were investigated. The yield of carbon nanotube is 200g/h. TGA and Raman analysis show the purity of the product is over 50%, but not well graphited. Optimized condition acquired is N₂5000sccm, C₂H₂1000sccm at 750℃. Hydrogen reduction is not necessary and the catalyst can be reused after purification.

Crystal of LiNbO₃ was space-selectively induced in Li₂O-Nb₂O₅-SiO₂ glass by using a focused femtosecond laser with high repetition rate. The light, which emits from the focal point of the laser, turns from white light to green-blue one as the laser irradiates for a few seconds. The luminescence spectra of the emission from the focal point demonstrate that the green-blue light is the second harmonic generation of the incident femtosecond laser. Micro-Raman spectra demonstrate that LiNbO₃ crystal is precipitated in the irradiated region of the glass.

By using SnCl₂·2H₂O and tetraethyl orthosilicate as raw materials, polystyrene colloidal crystal
with diameter of 585nm as template, three-dimensional ordered macroporous (3DOM) SnO₂ and SnO₂/SiO₂ were successfully synthesized.
SEM observation shows that 3DOM SnO_2 has a pore size of 453～500nm, and 3DOM SnO₂/SiO₂ has a pore size of 500nm. And such macropores
connect with each other by small windows. Compared with the polystyrene colloidal crystal used, the 3DOM materials show shrinkage to some extent
in pore size. The study indicates that it is difficult to obtain ordered pore structure when SnCl₂ is used as precursor directly. But addition of
tetraethyl orthosilicate or conversion of SnCl₂ solution to oxide sol favors the formation of the highly ordered macroporous structure. XRD
measurement indicates that the walls of the 3DOM materials are made of SnO₂ nanoparticles with particle sizes around 17nm.

Titanium is a premium metal-oxide material sensitive to trimethylamine (TMA) gas. To obtain high
sensitivity and low power of elements, annealing in N₂, doping with Nb⁵⁺ and long-time sintering were applied to improve the conductivity
of TiO₂-based sensitive materials. It is concluded that low oxygen pressure can enhance self-semiconductorization. Doping with 10% Nb⁵⁺
that substitutes for Ti⁴⁺ and long-time sintering that promotes conversion from Ti³⁺ to Ti⁴⁺ can improve conductivity of material and
stability of elements. As a result, a new method is procured to make low-resistance sensor with high sensitivity and good selectivity.

The rheological behaviors of α-Al₂O₃-H₂O-PAA suspensions prepared by two-stage adsorption
(at two different pH values) were studied. The results show that the stability of the suspension with a final pH 6.5 is improved considerably if it experiences
an adsorption stage at pH above the iep of the alumina. The pH values of the first adsorption stage have a great impact on the stability of slurries. When the
pH value increases from 8.0 to 10.0, the viscosity of the slurry decreases and the stability is enhanced. But when the pH reaches 11.0, the viscosity
of the slurry increases and the stability declines. Increasing the time of the first adsorption stage is helpful to the stabilization of suspensions,
due to improved homogeneity of the distribution of PAA on the particle surfaces.

(Ca,Mg) a-sialon powder containing rather pure α-sialon phase (abbreviated as salg α-sialon) was synthesized successfully by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) technique, using slag as a raw material. The slag α-sialon powder was pressure-less and hot-pressed and the mechanical properties, the scour resistance to YAG, SiC, the erosion resistance to acid of slag a-sialon ceramics were studied. The results show that slag α-sialon ceramics have good mechanical properties and excellent scour resistance to YAG and SiC and erosion resistance to acid.

Diamond thin and thick films were prepared on clean copper substrates by a MWCVD method. The films automatically come off from copper substrates owing to weak adhesion. But micrograph and Ramman spectroscopy show that the films have higher nucleation density and higher quality. These indicate that copper is an ideal substrate for the preparation of thick diamond films.