耐高温层状Ta/Ta0.5Hf0.5C金属陶瓷的高频等离子体风洞烧蚀行为研究

doi:10.15541/jim20240506

无机材料学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (7): 790-798.DOI: 10.15541/jim20240506

耐高温层状Ta/Ta_0.5Hf_0.5C金属陶瓷的高频等离子体风洞烧蚀行为研究

余艺平¹(), 肖鹏², 赵长浩³, 徐梦迪¹, 姚立冬¹, 李伟¹, 王松¹()

1.国防科技大学空天科学学院, 新型陶瓷纤维及其复合材料重点实验室, 长沙 410073
2.湖南云箭集团有限公司, 长沙 419500
3.中国空气动力研究与发展中心超高速空气动力研究所, 绵阳 621000

收稿日期:2024-12-04 修回日期:2025-02-23 出版日期:2025-07-20 网络出版日期:2025-02-25
通讯作者: 王松, 研究员. E-mail: wangs_0731@163.com
作者简介:余艺平(1990-), 男, 博士. E-mail: beijingyuyiping@163.com
基金资助:
湖南省自然科学基金(2023JJ30634)

Ablation Behavior of High-temperature Laminated Ta/Ta_0.5Hf_0.5C Cermets under High-frequency Plasma Wind Tunnel Test

YU Yiping¹(), XIAO Peng², ZHAO Changhao³, XU Mengdi¹, YAO Lidong¹, LI Wei¹, WANG Song¹()

1. Science and Technology on Advanced Ceramic Fibers and Composites Laboratory, College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
2. Hunan Vanguard Group Co., Ltd., Changsha 419500, China
3. Hypervelocity Aerodynamics Institute, China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center, Mianyang 621000, China

Received:2024-12-04 Revised:2025-02-23 Published:2025-07-20 Online:2025-02-25
Contact: WANG Song, professor. E-mail: wangs_0731@163.com
About author:YU Yiping (1990-), male, PhD. E-mail: beijingyuyiping@163.com
Supported by:
Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(2023JJ30634)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

层状Ta/Ta_0.5Hf_0.5C金属陶瓷具有耐高温、高强度及高韧性等特点, 是航空航天高温热结构领域的优良候选材料。为进一步明确层状Ta/Ta_0.5Hf_0.5C金属陶瓷在高温环境下的氧化烧蚀特性, 本研究采用高频等离子体风洞考核了其高温抗烧蚀性能, 并对其烧蚀前后的物相组成、微观结构进行了表征分析。研究结果表明层状Ta/Ta_0.5Hf_0.5C金属陶瓷具有良好的抗烧蚀性能, 在近3000 ℃空气等离子体烧蚀下, 其质量烧蚀率和线烧蚀率分别仅为0.061 g/s和0.019 mm/s。在烧蚀过程中, 由于Ta金属层和Ta_0.5Hf_0.5C陶瓷层的烧蚀速率、热膨胀系数不一致, 层状Ta/Ta_0.5Hf_0.5C金属陶瓷表面和内部分别出现沿层状结构方向的隆起-沟壑形貌和裂纹。其中, 隆起区域主要是Ta_0.5Hf_0.5C陶瓷层氧化生成的Hf₆Ta₂O₁₇, 其能够在高温下稳定存在, 进而保护陶瓷层内部不被氧化; 沟壑区域则主要是Ta金属层氧化生成的Ta₂O₅, 其在高温下会发生熔化和挥发, 且在气流作用下会向烧蚀边缘溅射或流失, 因而展现出隆起-沟壑的表面形貌。而层状结构内部产生的裂纹主要是由于在烧蚀后的冷却过程中, 热膨胀系数差异使Ta_0.5Hf_0.5C陶瓷层受热应力作用, 但金属层与陶瓷层之间的Ta₂C片状界面对裂纹起到了分支、偏转及萌生微裂纹等作用, 从而使材料整体上表现出良好的抗热震性能。

关键词: Ta/Ta_0.5Hf_0.5C金属陶瓷, 风洞, 烧蚀机理

Abstract:

Laminated Ta/Ta_0.5Hf_0.5C cermets, characterized by high strength, high toughness, and high-temperature resistance, are excellent candidate materials for structural applications in aerospace field. To further investigate ablation performance of Ta/Ta_0.5Hf_0.5C cermets under high-temperature environment, a high-frequency plasma wind tunnel was utilized to evaluate their ablation resistance at nearly 3000 ℃. Their phase composition and microstructure before and after ablation were characterized and analyzed. Results revealed that the laminated Ta/Ta_0.5Hf_0.5C cermets demonstrated remarkable ablation resistance, with a mass ablation rate of 0.061 g/s and a linear ablation rate of 0.019 mm/s. During the ablation process, distinctive ridge-groove surface morphologies and internal cracks were produced along the layered structure direction. These features were attributed to inconsistent ablation rates and thermal expansion coefficients of Ta metal layer and Ta_0.5Hf_0.5C ceramic layer. Specifically, the ridge region primarily consisted of Hf₆Ta₂O₁₇ formed by oxidation of Ta_0.5Hf_0.5C ceramic layer. This compound could stably exist at high temperatures to protect the interior of ceramic layer from further oxidation. In contrast, the groove region primarily comprised Ta₂O₅, which was formed by oxidation of Ta metal layer. Yet Ta₂O₅ had a tendency to melt and vaporize at elevated temperatures, potentially leading to ejection or loss toward the ablation edge. The cracks formed within the layered structure during cooling process after ablation were mainly generated by thermal stress acting on the Ta_0.5Hf_0.5C ceramic layer due to differences in thermal expansion coefficients between the layers. Additionally, the Ta₂C interfaces between metal and ceramic layers played a crucial role in branching, deflecting, and initiating micro-cracks, which endowed the material with good thermal shock resistance.

Key words: Ta/Ta_0.5Hf_0.5C cermet, wind tunnel, ablation mechanism

中图分类号:

TB383

余艺平, 肖鹏, 赵长浩, 徐梦迪, 姚立冬, 李伟, 王松. 耐高温层状Ta/Ta_0.5Hf_0.5C金属陶瓷的高频等离子体风洞烧蚀行为研究[J]. 无机材料学报, 2025, 40(7): 790-798.

YU Yiping, XIAO Peng, ZHAO Changhao, XU Mengdi, YAO Lidong, LI Wei, WANG Song. Ablation Behavior of High-temperature Laminated Ta/Ta_0.5Hf_0.5C Cermets under High-frequency Plasma Wind Tunnel Test[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2025, 40(7): 790-798.

图/表 12

图1 层状Ta/Ta0.5Hf0.5C金属陶瓷烧蚀试样尺寸

Fig. 1 Geometry of laminated Ta/Ta0.5Hf0.5C cermets sample for ablation

图2 层状Ta/Ta0.5Hf0.5C金属陶瓷风洞考核示意图

Fig. 2 Ablation schematic representation of laminated Ta/Ta0.5Hf0.5C cermets in plasma wind tunnel

图3 风洞烧蚀前(a)后(b)层状Ta/Ta0.5Hf0.5C金属陶瓷的光学照片及其烧蚀温度曲线(c)

Fig. 3 (a, b) Optical images of laminated Ta/Ta0.5Hf0.5C cermets before (a) and after (b) plasma wind tunnel ablation; (c) Ablation temperature curve

表1 典型高温材料在~3000 ℃烧蚀温度下的抗烧蚀性能[19-23]

Table 1 Ablation resistance properties of typical high-temperature materials ablated under temperature of ~3000 ℃[19-23]

Material	Ablation method	Ablation temperature/℃	Ablation time/s	Linear ablation rate/(mm•s^-1)	Mass ablation rate/(g•s^-1)	Reference
C/C composites	Motor ground ignition test	~3000	60	0.142	-	[19]
C/C composites	Arc wind tunnel abltion	~3000	200	0.030	-	[20]
C/C-SiC composites	Oxyacetylene ablation	~3000	60	0.096	0.024	[21]
C/C-SiC-Ti₃SiC₂ composites	Oxyacetylene ablation	~3000	60	0.060	0.012	[21]
C/C-Zr_0.83Ti_0.17C composites	Oxyacetylene ablation	~3000	60	0.016	0.004	[22]
Zr_0.8Ti_0.2C_0.74B_0.26 coated C/C composites	Oxyacetylene ablation	~3000	60	0.001	0.008	[23]
Ta/Ta_0.5Hf_0.5C cermets	Plasma wind tunnel ablation	~3000	30	0.019	0.061	This work

图4 风洞烧蚀前(a)后(b)层状Ta/Ta0.5Hf0.5C金属陶瓷的XRD图谱

Fig. 4 XRD patterns of laminated Ta/Ta0.5Hf0.5C cermets before (a) and after (b) plasma wind tunnel ablation

图5 风洞烧蚀前层状Ta/Ta0.5Hf0.5C金属陶瓷的微观结构

Fig. 5 Microstructure of laminated Ta/Ta0.5Hf0.5C cermets before plasma wind tunnel ablation (b) Local magnification of box area in (a)

图6 风洞烧蚀后层状Ta/Ta0.5Hf0.5C金属陶瓷中心区域的表面微观结构及EDS分析

Fig. 6 Microstructure and EDS analysis of central region of laminated Ta/Ta0.5Hf0.5C cermets after plasma wind tunnel ablation (a) Whole sample; (b, c) Ridge area; (d, e) Groove area. Insets in (c, e) are corresponding EDS analyses of the red dots

图7 风洞烧蚀后层状Ta/Ta0.5Hf0.5C金属陶瓷边缘区域的表面微观结构

Fig. 7 Microstructure of edge region of laminated Ta/Ta0.5Hf0.5C cermets after plasma wind tunnel ablation (a, b) Ridge area and (c, d) groove area parallel to the layered structure; (e, f) Ridge area and (g, h) groove area perpendicular to the layered structure. Insets in (b, c) are corresponding EDS analyses of the red dots

图8 风洞烧蚀后层状Ta/Ta0.5Hf0.5C金属陶瓷的截面微观结构

Fig. 8 Cross-sectional microstructure of laminated Ta/Ta0.5Hf0.5C cermets after plasma wind tunnel ablation (a) Overall structure; (b-d) Ablation center; (e-g) Ablation edge

表2 层状Ta/Ta0.5Hf0.5C金属陶瓷烧蚀后截面不同区域的元素含量(原子分数)

Table 2 Elements contents (in atom) of different areas in the cross section of laminated Ta/Ta0.5Hf0.5C cermets after ablation

Area	Ta/%	Hf/%	O/%	C/%
Ⅰ	9.89	11.01	40.06	39.05
Ⅱ	20.62	1.64	25.10	52.64
Ⅲ	4.31	3.69	31.07	60.92
Ⅳ	18.28	0	34.92	46.79
Ⅴ	14.83	3.87	14.23	67.07
Ⅵ	23.93	0.08	6.11	69.88

图9 风洞烧蚀后层状Ta/Ta0.5Hf0.5C金属陶瓷内部裂纹的微观形貌

Fig. 9 Microstructure of crack generated inside laminated Ta/Ta0.5Hf0.5C cermets after plasma wind tunnel ablation (a) Macroscopic structure of the crack; (b) Crack branching and deflection at the interface; (c) Microcracks at the interface

图10 层状Ta/Ta0.5Hf0.5C金属陶瓷风洞烧蚀过程示意图

Fig. 10 Schematic diagram of plasma wind tunnel ablation process of laminated Ta/Ta0.5Hf0.5C cermets

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耐高温层状Ta/Ta_0.5Hf_0.5C金属陶瓷的高频等离子体风洞烧蚀行为研究

Ablation Behavior of High-temperature Laminated Ta/Ta_0.5Hf_0.5C Cermets under High-frequency Plasma Wind Tunnel Test

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耐高温层状Ta/Ta0.5Hf0.5C金属陶瓷的高频等离子体风洞烧蚀行为研究

Ablation Behavior of High-temperature Laminated Ta/Ta0.5Hf0.5C Cermets under High-frequency Plasma Wind Tunnel Test

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耐高温层状Ta/Ta_0.5Hf_0.5C金属陶瓷的高频等离子体风洞烧蚀行为研究

Ablation Behavior of High-temperature Laminated Ta/Ta_0.5Hf_0.5C Cermets under High-frequency Plasma Wind Tunnel Test