Liquid precursor infiltration technique is capable of incorporating a desired content of exotic elements with controllable distribution. The research history and progress of infiltration technique are reviewed, which demonstrated its features by analyzing mass transferring mechanisms, the types and properties of the green body and precursors, and unveiled the possibility of manipulating the composition and properties of the final material via adjusting infiltration processing parameters. The preceding investigations confirm that as a general strategy, liquid precursor infiltration technique boasts the potential of wider application for other materials, since it possesses the unique advantage in achieving minor content doping with high homogeneity, surface modification, gradient and functional materials and could serve as a promising technology in the future.

The utilization of syngas as the fuel of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is one of the main ways to use the coal efficiently and cleanly. However, the possibility of carbon formation in Ni/YSZ anode may reduce the performance of SOFC. According to the fully three-dimensional models of chemical/electrochemical, heat/mass transfer and overpotential, the effects of fuel components on the performance and carbon formation of SOFC were obtained. The results shows that the increments of water steam and carbon dioxide may inhibit the carbon formation activity. However, the massive water steam and carbon dioxide will reduce the output voltage of SOFC as well. The high molar fraction of hydrogen in syngas also reduces the carbon formation activity. The addition of carbon monoxide may narrow down the region of carbon formation, but enhance the carbon formation activity near the fuel inlet of SOFC. Moreover, the existence of methane results in the sharply carbon formation, thus, the methane should be removed as clear as possibly in syngas.

Hierarchical porous carbon (HPC) was prepared by the combination of self-assembly and post activation. The analysis of N₂ adsorption isotherm for carbon samples indicated that large quantities of micropores were generated within the mesopore wall of mesoporous carbon. HPC electrode exhibited high electrocatalytic activity for I₃^- reduction due to its high surface area and unique hierarchical porous structure. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement indicated that the charge-transfer resistance of HPC electrode was 0.3 Ω·cm². The short-circuit current density, the open-circuit voltage and the fill factor of dye-sensitized solar cell with HPC counter electrode were 0.624 V, 15.44 mA/cm² and 0.67, respectively. The overall conversion efficiency of the dye-sensitized solar cell with HPC counter electrode is 6.48%, which is 11.5% higher than that of the cell with mesoporous carbon counter electrode.

Pyrolytic carbon coated LiFePO4/vapor-grown carbon fiber (PCLFP/VGCF) composite cathode materials were prepared by microwave chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) process. Effects of preparation temperature on microstructures and electrochemical properties of the composites were investigated. The results show that with preparation temperature increasing from 500℃ to 600℃, the discharge capacities of the composite electrodes are improved because of the gradual formation of conductive network of VGCF. However, it decreases when the preparation temperature is up to 700℃, which may be attributed to the exaggerated grain growth of LiFePO₄ and the reduction of VGCF network. In addition, the composite cathode materials prepared at 600℃ show better electrochemical properties, with the discharge capacity as high as 163, 159, 153 and 143mAh/g at rate of 0.2C, 0.5C, 1C, 3C, respectively (25℃).

The precursor of La_0.8Sr_0.2Co_xFe_1-xO₃ (x=1.0, 0, 0.3) oxygen diffusion barriers were prepared by a combined co-precipitation-gel method. The structure and properties of three different powders and ceramics were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, scanning electron microscope and impedance spectroscope. The results show that La_0.8Sr_0.2Co_xFe_1-xO₃ (x=1.0, 0, 0.3) powders calcined at 870℃ have perovskite-type structure with no hard agglomerates, and their particle sizes are in the range of 20-60 nm. After are La_0.8Sr_0.2CoO₃ and the La_0.8Sr_0.2FeO₃ mix conductor pressed isostatically at 250MPa and then sintered at 1120℃ for 6h, their conductivities are in the order of 10^-1S/cm in air. While the sintered La0.8Sr_0.2Co_0.3Fe_0.7O₃ conductivity is up to 100 S/cm magnitude. The electronic conductivity of La_0.8Sr_0.2Co_xFe_1-xO₃ (x=1.0, 0, 0.3) ceramic is much bigger than ionic conductivity. The conductivities of the ceramics reach the maximum in the temperature range of 200-300℃, which tend to the lower temperature than those reported in the literature.

Nano-WC particles were prepared by Sol-Gel using tungsten powder as the tungsten source and phenol formaldehyde resin as carbon source. The working electrode of proton exchange membrane fuel cell was obtained from taking Nafion coating solution to the surface of the Pt/WC composite particles which was synthesized by reduction of H₂PtCl₆·6H₂O using carbinol (HCHO) as reducing agent from the suspended liquid mixed H2PtCl₆·6H₂O and WC. Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), SEM and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to characterize the samples and the precursors, and used cyclic voltammetry to test the electrochemical activity of working electrode. The results showed that WC of (100) preferred orientation could be fabricated by Sol-Gel method, its interplanar spacing was 0.25nm, and the interplanar spacing of Pt was 0.23nm with preferential orientation of (111). The current density of 10wt% Pt/WC was up to 28.5mA/cm² in 0.5mol/L H₂SO₄, and the synergistic catalytic effect was found between nano-WC and Pt.

A series of Bi₂WO₆/ZnO heterojunction photocatalysts with different Bi₂WO₆ concentrations (1wt%, 2wt%, 4wt%, 8wt%) were prepared by hydrothermal method at different temperatures(120℃-220℃). The prepared pure ZnO, Bi₂WO₆ and Bi2WO6/ZnO heterojunction photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FT-IR), UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscope, respectively. The photocatalytic activity of the prepared catalysts was evaluated by photocatalytic degradation of acid orange II under UV light (λ=365nm) irradiation. Results show that the photocatalytic activity of Bi₂WO₆/ZnO heterojunction photocatalysts is superior to that of pure ZnO and Bi₂WO₆. The optimal concentration of Bi₂WO₆ is 4wt% and the best hydrothermal temperature is 150℃. Under the above conditions, the prepared composite catalyst shows about 2.4 times in activity of the pure ZnO. The formation of Bi₂WO₆/ZnO heterojunction could effectively suppress the recombination of the photo generated electron and hole pairs and result in an increase in photocatalytic activity. Moreover, more surface OH groups over the Bi₂WO₆/ZnO heterojunction photocatalysts will further benefit the improvement of photocatalytic activity.

YMn₂O₅ nanoparticles were synthesized by a modified polyacrylamide Gel technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that the as-synthesized nanoparticles crystallized mostly into orthorhombic YMn₂O₅ phase and less into hexagonal YMn₂O₅ phase without the presence of any other impurities. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation showed that the prepared YMn₂O₅ nanoparticles were regularly spherical in shape and highly uniform in size with a diameter of about 45nm. Ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy was used to investigate the light-absorbing properties and bandgap of YMn₂O₅ nanoparticles, and the value of the optical bandgap energy was obtained to be 1.21eV. The photocatalytic activity of YMn₂O₅ nanoparticles was investigated by the degradation of Methyl red (MR), a typical azo dye. The experimental results revealed that the product exhibited a pronounced photocatalytic activity for the MR decomposition under ultraviolet and visible light irradiation. The optimum conditions for the photocatalytic degradation were determined to be as follows, initial concentration of MR, 15mg/L, catalyst dosage, 1.2g/L.

Series of bismuth tungstate (Bi₂WO₆) catalysts were synthesized through simple hydrothermal route and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscope (DRS). The effects of synthesis conditions on the morphologies and properties of products were studied. UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectra indicated that the samples had absorption in both UV and visible light areas. Their photocatalytic activities were determined by photodegradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) under UV and visible light irradiation (λ> 420 nm). The results indicated that sample reacted at 180℃ for 24h (pH=2) had the best photocatalytic activities, with reaction rate constant k of 0.03688/min. The stability of photocatalysts was estimated, no obvious loss of photocatalytic property was detected after four cyclic tests. After 150min visible light irradiation, the degradation rate of dye to the Bi2WO6 reacted at 180℃ for 24h (pH=2) reached 38%.

Pt-La₂O₃/TiO₂ photocatalyst was prepared by Sol-Gel and photodeposition methods using Ti(OBu)₄ and La(NO)₃·6H₂O as raw material. The catalyst was characterized by XPS, FTIR, XRD, DRS, TEM, and N2(77K) adsorption. The performance of photocataltic in the removal of toluene under visible light and the influence of temperature on removal of toluene were investigated. The results showed that doped-Pt existed as the forms of single Pt and oxygen-adsorption. Pt loading had no influence on the phase composition of TiO₂, but decreased TiO₂ particle size and increased the surface area. Nano-Pt was uniformly dispersed on La₂O₃/TiO₂ with diameter of 5-10 nm. Pt-La₂O₃/TiO₂ has much more hydroxyl group than TiO₂ and La₂O₃/TiO₂. The rate of photocatalytic oxidation gaseous toluene on Pt-La₂O₃/TiO₂ increased with the temperature increasing, and thermal catalytic reaction taken place in parallel with photocatalytic oxidation reaction. There is a synergetic effect between photocatalysis and thermal catalysis in the thermo-photocatalysis degradation of toluene.

The surface of TiO₂ nanoparticles prepared by controlling hydrolysis of a titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) precursor was modified with salicylic acid (SA). The prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) and Fourier transformation infrared spectrometry (FT-IR). The chemical feature and state of TiO₂/SA were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS). From the experiments, the surface-modified TiO₂ nanoparticles with SA have excellent dispersibility in ethanol. As functionalized inorganic fillers, TiO₂/SA nanoparticles increase the diffraction efficiency and reduce the Bragg mismatch of the photopolymer film, which have a great applied prospect in holographic data storage (HDS).

CNTs-SiC/Al₂O₃-TiO₂ coatings were prepared by micro-plasma spraying. Microstructure, high temperature oxidation resistance, complex permittivity and absorbing performance of CNTs-SiC/Al₂O₃-TiO₂ coatings were studied. The coatings were density, low porosity. Little oxidation occurred during the spraying process. The phase of β-SiC and C were successfully retained during the plasma spraying process. The high temperature oxidation of CNTs-SiC/Al₂O₃-TiO₂ composite coating is improved compared with that of CNTs. The initial weight loss temperature of CNTs-SiC/Al₂O₃-TiO₂ composite coating is raised to 511℃. The weight loss of the sample heated from 35℃ to 700℃ is 0.71 wt%, while the weight loss of the sample held for 60 min at 700℃ is 0.41wt%. The real parts of complex permittivity of the CNTs-SiC/Al₂O₃-TiO₂ composites decrease from 17.3 to 10.3 with the increasing frequency. And with increasing frequency, the real parts of complex permittivity of the composites decrease from 6.3 to 2.9. This tendency is beneficial for the absorption of the microwave with wide frequency band. The CNTs-SiC/Al₂O₃-TiO₂ coatings have ability of absorbing microwave. The microwave absorbing performance of the coating with thickness of 0.9 mm is pure. However, with the increase of the coating thickness, the microwave absorption properties were enhanced and the minimum reflection loss shifts to low frequency with the increase of the coating thickness.

Three different ionic liquids/α-zirconium phosphonates (IL-ZrP) composites antibacterial materials were prepared by introducing quarternary ammonium type ionic liquids (1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, C₁₆MIMBr; hexadecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, C₁₆HDBACCl; hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, C₁₆CTACCl) into the interlayer of α-zirconium phosphonates (α-ZrP). The structure, components and thermal stability of composites was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR), Thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared spectroscope analysis (TG-FTIR). XRD patterns show that the interlayer spacing of IL-ZrP are larger than the original α-ZrP. It represents that the ionic liquids are intercalated into the layer of α-ZrP. TG-FTIR shows that the mass fraction of C₁₆MIMBr, C₁₆HDBACCl and C₁₆CTACCl in three IL-ZrP are 53.11wt%, 50.65wt% and 51.25wt%, respectively. The onset temperatures of the decomposition for C₁₆MIMBr, C₁₆HDBACCl and C₁₆CTACCl are 174℃, 198℃ and 219℃, while the onset temperatures of the decomposition for C16MIMBr-ZrP, C₁₆HDBACCl-ZrP and C₁₆CTACCl-ZrP are 219℃, 225℃ and 263℃. The existing of α-ZrP improves the thermal stability of ionic liquids. Among the three IL-ZrP, the C₁₆MIMBr-ZrP has excellent antibacterial activity, (i.e. within 24 h, the minimal inhibitory concentration of C₁₆MIMBr pillared α-zirconium phosphonates against S. aureus and E. coli is less than 19 mg/L).

MgCl₂ was used as crystal controlling agent for the synthesis of regular needle-like calcium carbonate with diameter of 2.5-5μm and aspect ratio of 10-20. Complexometric titrating method was employed to determine the contents of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ in filtrated solution after carbonization and the fresh MgCl₂ was added to balance the Mg²⁺ content as same as the raw solution. The morphology, particle size and polymorphs of calcium carbonate were characterized by SEM and XRD. The results show that the content of aragonite phase CaCO₃ decreases with the recycle time increasing. When the content of aragonite phase CaCO₃ is lower than 80%, the aspect ratio of need-like calcium carbonate decreases significantly companied with the production of calcite cubic CaCO₃ particles, thus the filtrated MgCl₂ solution is unsuitable to recycled anymore. The direct recycle filtrate can be used for only once while the reused time by the MgCl2 filtrate can reach 12 by optimizing the recycle process through the addition of Mg²⁺ and the justification of pH of the filtrate.

Mesoporous sodium montmorillonite (Na-MMT) was made with ice template. The experimental results show that its mesoporous diameter are mainly distributed between 35nm and 45nm, its shapes are wedgy under controling the microgel concentration of Na-MMT from 1.8% to 2.1% and its particle sizes is in the rang of 0.15-0.6μm. The macro-morphology of microgel Na-MMT prepared by frozen drying are parallel assemble regularly. Na-MMT possesses the numerous maroporous and mesoporous characteristics in its interlayer simultaneously. The d(001) distance of the Na-MMT increases from 1.238 nm to 1.901 nm, and the surface area increases from 16.5m²/g to 213.6m²/g.

Cerium-doped lutetium orthosilicate (Ce:Lu₂SiO₅,LSO) scintillation ceramics were fabricated by using spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique starting from synthesized submicron polycrystalline LSO luminescent powder. Polycrystalline translucent LSO ceramics were rapidly densified under optimized sintering conditions of  1350℃/5min. The relative density of obtained translucent LSO ceramic reached 99.5% theoretically. Under excitation of 360nm, a broad emission peak was detected in the wavelength range of 380nm to 600nm. The relative emission intensity of obtained LSO ceramic attained 75% of LSO single crystal scintillator. The luminescent decay time was measured to be only 9.67ns. The good luminescent characteristics make LSO polycrystalline ceramic a promising scintillator candidate for radiation detection in future.

The glass substrates doped with Ag nanoparticles (NPs) were fabricated by the field-assisted thermal diffusion (FATD) process. The Er³⁺/Yb³⁺ co-doped tellurite thin films were deposited on these substrates via nonhydrolytic Sol-Gel method. It was found that the luminescence of the thin film was significantly enhanced by the Ag NPs embedded in the glass substrate. The distribution of Ag in the substrate after FATD process was calculated by numerical simulating on base of Fick’s first and second law, Ohm’s law and Poisson equation. The enhancement factor increased with the increase of concentration and diameter of Ag NPs near the glass surface. When the total amount of NPs decreased and the thickness of space-charge layer increased, the enhancement effect became weak. In addition, besides the Ag NPs near the glass surface the Ag NPs far from the glass surface could also contribute to the luminescence enhancement.

AgInS₂ microspheres were synthesized via a simple solvothermal route using biomolecule L-cysteine-assisted methods. The L-cysteine both as sulfur source and complexing agent plays an important role in the formation of AgInS₂ microspheres. The morphology, structure, and phase composition of the as-prepared AgInS₂ products were studied through X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscope, transmission electron microscope, and high-resolution transmission electron microscope. The Results showed that the as-prepared AgInS₂ microspheres were orthorhombic phase with average diameters of about 2 μm. In addition, the effect of reaction temperature on morphology of the product was investigated, and a possible growth mechanism of the AgInS₂ microspheres was also determined based on electron microscope.

Lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN-PT) ferroelectric thin films with composition near the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) were deposited on Si substrate by oxygen plasma assisted pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Highly (001)-oriented PMN-PT thin films with lower oxygen defect and higher crystalline property were obtained. The results show that the microstructure and electrical properties of PMN-PT thin films strongly depend on the partial pressure and the activity of oxygen in the deposition process. With the use of oxygen plasma, the dielectric constant of the PMN-PT thin film is increased from 1484 to 3012, the remnant polarization (2P_r) changes from 18 μC/cm2 to 38 μC/cm².