TiO₂ photocatalytic separation membrane is a kind of novel multifunctional composite membrane integrating photocatalysis and separation technologies for water treatment. TiO₂ photocatalyst is loaded on the membrane surface or entrapped in the membrane to obtain the composite membrane that makes the TiO₂ recovery problem solved. More significantly, the membrane is efficient to maintain high flux of membranes as the presence of TiO₂ photocatalyst can reduce the membrane fouling problem which is a hindrance in the development of membrane process. Moreover, some synergistic effects can also be produced, and thus the efficiency of water treatment is enhanced greatly. A comprehensive review of TiO₂ photocatalytic separation membrane is conducted with an insight into its types, preparation methods, properties, and its application. In view of the existing problems, the prospects for future development of TiO₂ photocatalytic separation membrane are also proposed.

Main-group metal ions will be the third class of active ions, subquent to transition-metal and rare-earth ions. Main-group metal ions doped material is proved to be a new developing direction in the field of laser materials. The developments of main-group metal ions doped materials are summarized on the following topics: (1) the characteristics of the near-infrared ultrabroadband luminescence obtained in Bi-doped glasses, glass-fibers and single crystals, (2) the nature of the luminescence; and (3) laser performances of bismuth-doped fiber in various operation modes. The future research directions and applications of main-group metal ions doped laser materials are outlooked. The laser outputs in single crystal will be of milestone significance in its practical application.

KDP crystals were grown by rapid growth method in the presence of different concentrations of Cr³⁺. Both the growth rate and dead zone influenced by Cr³⁺ was measured, and the Cr³⁺ element distribution, UV-Vis transmission spectra, distribution of scatter particles and laser induced damage threshold were characterized as well. The results reveal that Cr³⁺ is prone to be absorbed onto (100) face, which decreases the growth rate and extends the growth dead zone. Additionally, Cr³⁺ can induce growth macroscopic growth boundaries between prismatic and pyramidal growth sectors. The element analyses of Cr³⁺ suggest that Cr³⁺ is inclined to enter into prismatic sector, which leads to a decrease of transmittance in visible light and ultraviolet band, and brings three strong absorption peaks at 220 nm , 450 nm and 650 nm. The entrance of Cr³⁺ into crystal lattice can increase the number of scatter particles and decrease laser induced damage threshold. The laser damage threshold at fundamental frequency and the third harmonic generation decrease with the increase of Cr³⁺ concentration. The damage threshold of KDP prismatic sector is lower than that of pyramidal sector.

Micron-scale Te-rich particles presented in CdZnTe crystals were directly observed using infrared transmission microscopy (IRTM). The generation of various Te-rich particles was discussed in conjunction with the growth conditions. In order to evaluate the impurities and defects behaviors , and to examine the crystalline quality, photoluminescence (PL) spectra were obtained at 10 K. The corresponding resistivity was evaluated simultaneously. The correlation between different shaped Te-rich particles in CdZnTe crystals and the corresponding PL spectra at 10 K was concluded compared with the characterized photo-peak in PL spectra. Well-defined sphere, hexagonal and triangular shaped incoherent Te-rich particles were generally presented in CdZnTe crystals grown from the charge with excess Te, which the ( D⁰, X) peak usually dominated in the PL spectra. Cross-shaped Te-rich particles were found in CdZnTe crystals grown under stoichiometric condition where the DAP peak dominated in the PL spectra. Star-shaped Te-rich particles were normally obtained in CdZnTe crystals under Cd-rich conditions where the FWHM of ( D⁰, X) peak was wide .

Magnesium borate whiskers were prepared by molten salt method using MgCl₂ · 6H₂O and Na₂B₄O₇ · 10H₂O as raw materials, KCl and NaCl as fluxes. The lengths of the above whiskers varied from 200μm to 800 μm, and the maximum aspect ratio reached 250. The produced samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The effects of n(Mg)/n(B), reaction temperature and reaction time on the whisker growth process and product quality were explored. It was found that the best operating parameters of n(Mg)/n(B), reaction temperature and reaction time were 3.0, 900 ℃ and 6h, respectively. According to the XRD analysis, Mg₃B₇O₁₃Cl is the intermediate product, and the growth of Mg₂B₂O₅ whiskers needs a boron- enriched environment. The whisker growth process agrees to the liquid-solid (L-S) mechanism.

Nanosized TiO₂ has excellent photocatalytic activity to degrade most of pollutants.The most important focus has been on the improvement of photocatalytic activity and the efficiency of utilizing solar energy. The researches has proved that nonmetal-doping can activate its visible-light activity.Self-organized F-doped TiO₂ nanotube arrays were fabricated by a one-step electrochemical anodization process on a Ti sheet. The prepared samples were annealed in air and detected by SEM, XRD and XPS. SEM images The results show that the well ordered TiO₂ nanotube arrays with the average tube diameter of 40 nm and the average tube length of 700 nm are successfully fabricated. The substitutional F atoms that occupied oxygen sites in the TiO ₂ crystal lattice cause the appearance of active spices Ti³⁺ , as evidenced by from XPS. The sample annealed at 673 K exhibits the highest photocurrent intensities under visible light irradiation, w hich may be attributed to the Ti³⁺ .The removal efficiency reaches 37.2% of AO7 at 180 min and the photoelectrocatalytic synergetic factor is 1.33. DFT study calculations suggests s that the valence and conduction band of F-TiO₂ consist of the electrons of O2 p and Ti 3 d, while the small amount of electrons of F 2 p do not change the band gap of TiO₂.

A series of bi-layer TiO₂/SiO₂ (ST) and SiO₂/TiO₂ (TS) films were fabricated respectively by changing the coating sequences and rates, via a Sol-Gel dip-coating method. The morphology, light transmittance, photocatalytic activitiy and hydrophilicity of t he obtained products were characterized by FESEM, spectrophotometer, photo-degradation of methyl orange (MO), etc. The experimental results show that SiO₂ layer can enhance the light transmittances of ST and TS films due to its lower refractive index. As to the self-cleaning function, the photocatalytic activity and hydrophilicity of TS bi-layer film are both weakened while increasing the dip-coating speed of the overlayer SiO₂ film, owing to that more TiO₂ is covered by SiO₂. However, it is the opposite for ST bi-layer film. When the dip-coating speed of the overlayer TiO₂ film reaches 6mm/min, the obtained film exhibits the best photocatalytic activity and hydrophilicity even without UV illumination, which favors greatly the self-cleaning function of the films.

CuO-doped SrFe_0.9Sn_0.1O_{3- δ} (CSFS) thick-film negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors ( 20mol%, 30mol%, 40mol%, 50mol% ) were prepared by the screen printing method. The microstructures and electrical prop erties of CSFS thick films were determined. With the increase of CuO content, the surface morphology of thick films becomes denser. The room-temperature resistance values gradually decreases to about 0.46 M Ω and the thermistor- constant values are basically constant at around 3300 K. After the addition of CuO, SrFe_0.9Sn_0.1O_{3- δ} is decomposed into various SrFe_{1- x}Sn _xO_{3- δ} ( 0.1< x<1 ) phases. By two- RQ series equivalent circuit model, impedance characteristics of the thick film containing 40mol% CuO content are investigated over the measured temperature range of 25–250 ℃ . It is found that the total thick-film resistance is mainly attributed to the contribution of grain and grain boundary resistances, both of which show the typical NTC thermistor characteristics. Furthermore, the complete match of peak frequencies between the imaginary parts of impedance and electric modulus suggests that delocalized conduction is the main conduction mechanism in the thick-film NTC thermistors.

Due to the differences of Young’s modulus and the mismatch of thermal expansion coefficients in the half-cell structure (NiO-YSZ/YSZ), the residual stress, which has effects on the fuel cell’s performance, is aroused during sintering . Taking the residual stress into consideration, a modified reverse analysis model was proposed to calculate the mechanical property of electrolyte thin film in SOFC. Nanoindentation tests were carried out at the points with difference distances from the interface of bilayer, the load-displacement curve was presented. The results of material’s mechanical property from experimental showed that the farther the indentation points was from the interface, the greater was the hardness of film. When the temperature related residual stress field was taken as the initial stress field to simulate the load-displacement curve under nanoindentation, it was found that the load-displacement curve was in agreement with the experiment curve if the residual stress was considered, and also the indentation morphology was much deeper and bigger under the residual stress condition.

NiO was successfully synthesized by complexing of iminodiacetic acid (IDA) and Ni²⁺, and then calcined in air at 300℃. XRD, FT-IR, SEM and TG tests were applied to investigate the structure, morphology and the formation mechanism of the as-synthesized NiO. The results showed that the obtained complex firstly turned into elementary substance under pyrolysis and then changed to oxide consisting of nanoparticles and nano-flakes with increase of calcination temperature. Electrochemical properties of the NiO were elucidated by cyclic voltammograms, galvanostatic charge-discharge in 6 mol/L KOH electrolyte. Electrochemical data analysis demonstrated that the as-prepared NiO electrode had a good capacitive behavior and cyclability due to its unique structure and possessed a specific capacitance of 355.8 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g.

Cobalt selenide thin films were prepared onto tin oxide-coated glass substrates by electrodeposition method. The electrochemical mechanisms for this thin film formation were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), and the results show that cobalt selenide compound phases are formed via either surface induced reduction by predeposited selenium or directly reaction with H₂Se from six electron reduction of H₂SeO₃. It is also found that films’ stoichiometry and morphology are significantly influenced by deposition potential, deposition temperature and pH value. Se-rich CoSe thin films with hexagonal crystal structure and compact morphology can be obtained at deposition potential of - 0.5V ( vs SCE), deposition temperature of 50 ℃ and pH value of 2.0. The electrodeposited CoSe film shows an optical absorption coefficient of higher than 1 × 10⁵ cm ^{- 1} , and an optical band gap of (1.53±0.01) eV which is close to the theoretical optimization value of the light absorption layer materials in single-junction solar cell.

Polycrystalline samples of La_0.4Ca_o.6Mn_{1 - x} Cr _xO₃ ( x =0.00,0.02,0.04,0.06,0.08,0.10,0.15 ) were prepared by t he solid state reaction method. The influence of Cr³⁺ substitution for Mn³⁺ on the magnetic property and charge ordering phase of La_0.4Ca_0.6MnO₃ was studied through the measurements of X-ray diffraction (XRD), magnetization- temperature ( M-T) curves and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra. The experimental results indicate that the sample of La_0.4Ca_0.6MnO₃ has very complicated magnetic structure. The charge ordering phase of the sample exhibits at 258K, and strong correlated CO-AFM phase shows from 175K to 50K. The spin glass state of the sample appears when the temperature decreases to about 41K. When the Cr substitution amount x is more than 0.06, the charge ordering phase of the sample is destroyed. When x is larger than 0.10, spin-glass state is melt. In addition, experimental resu lts are explained preliminarily as follows: because Cr³⁺ and Mn⁴⁺ have the same electronic structure, Cr³⁺ substitution for Mn³⁺ destroys the spin order of CE-type antiferromagnetism, and thus leads to the destruction of charge ordering. It is verified experimentally that the strong coupling between charge ordering and spin ordering exists in the charge order system of CE-type anti-ferromagnetism, and Cr³⁺ substitution for Mn³⁺ destroys formation conditions of spin-glass state that small ferromagnetic component exists at the background of antiferromagnetism.

The lanthanum hexaboride (LaB₆) powders were synthesized under atmospheric pressure using B₄C and La₂O₃ powder as the precursors. The thermodynamic conditions for preparing LaB₆ at atmospheric pressure were calculated. The effects of temperature and holding time on the phase composition, morphology, particle size and distribution of LaB₆ powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope(SEM) and laser particle size anslyzer. The reaction mechanism was investigated. The results show that LaB₆ powders obtained under atmospheric pressure at 1650 ℃ for 2h have cube structure with 99.22% purity after washed by hydrochloric acid. When the particle size of La₂O₃ powder is much smaller than that of B₄C particle, the synthesis of LaB₆ starts on the surface of B₄C particle, then the residual La₂O₃ and LaBO₃ will diffuse through LaB₆ shell onto B₄C core until the reaction is completely with the temperature rising and holding time prolonged. The initial shape and particle size of LaB₆ powders are depending on that of B₄C particles.

High flexural strength porous silicon nitride ceramics were prepared via nitridation of silicon powder, using silicon powder and Y₂O₃ as start powder with different forming pressures. The effects of Y₂O₃ contents and heating programs on nitridation rate were studied. The high nitridation rate was obtained when 9% Y₂O₃ was added, which was contributed to Y₂O₃ reacted with SiO₂ at low temperature (1200 ℃ ) to transform to Y₅Si₃O₁₂N and the elimination of SiO₂ on Si surface. Under different sintering conditions, the porous Si₃N₄ ceramics with porosity of 30% - 50% and the flexural strength of 160 - 50MPa were obtained, respectively. After post-sintering at 175 0 ℃ in 0.5MPa N₂ atmosphere, α-Si₃N₄ was fully transformed into β-Si₃N₄ by the solution-precipitation process, the rod-like β-Si₃N₄ promoted the flexural strength of the porous Si₃N₄ ceramics, and the porous Si₃N₄ ceramics with a porosity of 46% and a flexural strength of 140MPa was obtained .

Thermochemical erosion of hafnium carbide (HfC) modified carbon/carbon (C/C) composite throat was investigated using a hot-fire testing system in a small solid rocket motor. Chemical composition of the equilibrium combustion products was calculated by NASA-CEA program based on the principle of free energy minimum. The reaction products between the oxidizing species and HfC in the C/C composites were also calculated by FactSage. The results show that H₂O, CO₂, and OH are the main oxidizing species to consume carbon and HfC and generate thermochemical erosion to the throat materials. The interface of the fibers and matrix is preferentially ablated, and then erosion extends to the fibers and matrix. The formation of cone-shaped fibers and shell-shaped matrix is attributed to the thermochemical erosion of the flame.

Oxidation of ZrB₂-20vol% ceramic composites in air was investigated, and the effects of oxygen partial pressure, oxidation temperature and holding time on the formation of zircon phase ZrSiO₄ were analyzed. The formation mechanism of zircon during oxidation in air of zirconium diboride-silicon carbide ceramic composites is proposed. Active oxidation of SiC is the major reason to explain the appearance of zircon according to thermal dynamic calculation results. The experimental results indicate that the formation of zircon can be divided into two steps: (I) Nucleation, which is related to the active oxidation of SiC; (II) Crystal growth, which is fulfilled by the reactions between silicate glass and zirconia crystalline at the interface of the zircon nuclei / melt. Zircon particles with mean size of 100 μm can be observed after oxidation in air for 90 min.

Lindgrenite (Cu₃(MoO₄)₂(OH)₂) nanocrystals were synthesized by simple aqueous precipitation at 60 ℃ , using Cu(NO₃)₂·6H₂O, Na₂MoO₄·2H₂O and NaOH as the starting materials. X-ray Diffraction ( XRD) patterns confirm the formation of pure Cu₃(MoO₄)₂(OH)₂ nano crystals, which belongs to the monoclin ic phase with calculated crystal parameters a = 0.53863 nm, b = 1.40006 nm, c = 0.56003 nm, β = 98.47°, α = γ = 90° . The e nergy d ispersive X-ray spectrum (ED X ) analysis gives an approximate atomic ratio of 3 : 2 : 10 for Cu : Mo: O. The scanning electron microscope(SEM) and transmission electron microscop e (TEM) studies show that the as-prepared nanoparticles are well crystallized with tabular structure and t he interplanar distances of d ₀₂₁ and d_{ī 2 1} measured are 0. 435 nm and 0.358 nm , coinciding with the theoretical value. It can also be seen that the Cu₃(MoO₄)₂(OH)₂ has a good thermal stability and starts decomposing at 320 ℃ through thermogravimetric- differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) . Moreover, the strong fluorescent property of the Cu₃(MoO₄)₂(OH)₂ is measured, with green emission peak at ca. 530 nm upon excitation at ca. 369 nm. Finally, a possible m e ch a nism for the formation of Cu₃(MoO₄)₂(OH)₂ nanocrysta ls is proposed.

Mo -doped Li₄Ti₅O ₁₂ in the form of Li₄Ti_4.95Mo_0.05O₁₂ was synthesized via solid state reaction. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were employed to characterize the structure and morphology of Li₄Ti_4.95Mo_0.05O₁₂. Mo-doping does not change the phase composition and particle morphology, while improves remarkably its cycling stability at high charge/discharge rate. Li₄Ti_4.95Mo_0.05O₁₂ exhibits an excellent rate capability with a reversible capacity of 117.03 mAh/g at 10 C and even 94.24 mAh/g at 30 C . The substitution of Mo for Ti site can enhance the electronic conductivity of Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ via the generation of mixing Ti⁴⁺/Ti³⁺, which indicates that Li₄Ti_4.95Mo_0.05O₁₂ is a promising as a high rate anode for the lithium-ion batteries .