Collection of Materials for Hydrogen Energy(202412)

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Seawater Electrolysis Performance of Self-supported Amorphous Ce-FeHPi/NF Electrode
XIAO Wenyan, FU Yan, YANG Shubin, ZHU Jie, CHENG Zhaoyang, WEN Xiaoxu, TANG Jiafan, YU Liang, ZHANG Qian
Journal of Inorganic Materials    2024, 39 (12): 1348-1356.   DOI: 10.15541/jim20240172
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To solve the existing energy crisis and achieve continuous seawater electrolysis, it is necessary to design efficient electrocatalysts to deal with the problems of slow anodic oxygen evolution and chloride ion (Cl-) corrosion. In this study, a unique nanostructural modified Ce-FeHPi/NF electrode was prepared by a one-step hydrothermal method on a nickel foam (NF) skeleton. The experimental results show that Ce doping regulates the surface morphology of FeHPi/NF, forming amorphous nanospheres, which not only enables the catalytic layer to grow into a compact nanostructure, but also greatly increases the active surface area of the electrode, significantly improving the electrocatalytic activity. In addition, the presence of phosphoric acid group can effectively repel Cl- on surface of the electrode, which enhances its corrosion resistance, and stabilizes it in seawater for a long time. The 10%Ce-FeHPi/NF electrode in alkaline simulated seawater (1 mol·L-1 KOH + 0.5 mol·L-1 NaCl) electrolyte requires only a low overpotential of 296 mV to reach a current density of 100 mA·cm-2. In 1 mol·L-1 KOH + 1 mol·L-1 NaCl, the 10%Ce-FeHPi/NF electrode runs stably for more than 130 h at a constant potential of 1.774 V (vs. RHE). Therefore, the modified nanostructured material prepared in this study can effectively improve the oxygen evolution activity of electrodes, and provide a new way for the development of seawater electrolytic anode catalytic materials.

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Electrocatalytic Water Splitting over Nickel Iron Hydroxide-cobalt Phosphide Composite Electrode
YANG Bo, LÜ Gongxuan, MA Jiantai
Journal of Inorganic Materials    2024, 39 (4): 374-382.   DOI: 10.15541/jim20230432
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NiFeOH/CoP/NF composite electrode was fabricated by constructing a metal hydroxide layer on the surface of cobalt phosphide via hydrothermal, phosphating, and electrodeposition methods. The electrolytic water splitting to hydrogen performance by as-prepared electrode was investigated in 1.0 mol/L KOH medium. NiFeOH/CoP/NF composite electrode exhibited excellent water electrolysis performance, and the required overpotentials for HER and OER at 100 mA/cm2 current density were 141 and 372 mV, respectively. When NiFeOH/CoP/NF electrode served as both cathode and anode for water splitting, only 1.61 V voltage was required to reach current density of 10 mA/cm2. Because NiFeOH protection layer enhanced the electrocatalytic activity and stability of CoP for water splitting, NiFeOH/CoP/NF composite electrode exhibited high stability during the galvanostatic electrolysis in the HER and OER, and its activity could maintain 60000 s without significant performance degradation. The photovoltaic-electrolytic water cell constructed with two NiFeOH/CoP/NF electrodes and GaAs solar cell showed 18.0% efficiency of solar to hydrogen under 100 mW/cm2 simulated solar irradiation and worked stably for 200 h.

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High-entropy Phosphide Bifunctional Catalyst: Preparation and Performance of Efficient Water Splitting
ZHANG Wenyu, GUO Ruihua, YUE Quanxin, HUANG Yarong, ZHANG Guofang, GUAN Lili
Journal of Inorganic Materials    2024, 39 (11): 1265-1274.   DOI: 10.15541/jim20240074
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In the process of electrolyzing water to produce hydrogen, the sluggish electrocatalytic kinetics of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) limit the energy conversion efficiency. High-entropy materials have been considered as potential catalysts due to their unique structural features and excellent performance, which could potentially replace traditional metal oxides and precious metals for energy conversion and water electrolysis. Due to the incompatibility between different metals and non-metals, there have been few reports on the synthesis of high-entropy compounds, especially high-entropy metal phosphides. In this study, a series of carbon-based high-entropy alloy phosphide nanoparticles were synthesized using citric acid as complexing agent and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate as phosphorus source via a low-temperature Sol-Gel method with different elemental metals. In 1 mol·L-1 KOH solution, FeCoNiMoCeP/C exhibited good water electrolysis performance at a current density of 10 mA·cm-2, with overpotentials of 119 and 240 mV for the HER and OER, respectively. Similarly, in overall water splitting studies, FeCoNiMoCeP/C also showed excellent catalytic activity. When operating at a current density of 10 mA·cm-2, FeCoNiMoCeP/C required only 1.53 V as the combined anode and cathode voltage for electrolyzing water. This is due to the synergistic effects among the atoms of high-entropy phosphide catalysts which provide more reaction sites to increase reaction activity and selectivity. This study is expected to expand the potential applications of high-entropy alloys in the field of electrocatalysis.

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3D Core-shell Structured NiMoO4@CoFe-LDH Nanorods: Performance of Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction and Overall Water Splitting
YUE Quanxin, GUO Ruihua, WANG Ruifen, AN Shengli, ZHANG Guofang, GUAN Lili
Journal of Inorganic Materials    2024, 39 (11): 1254-1264.   DOI: 10.15541/jim20240098
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Hydrogen generation from electrolyzed water has received extensive attention in the scientific community due to its green and environmentally friendly properties, as well as the high purity of hydrogen produced. However, the slow oxygen evolution reaction (OER) during electrocatalytic water splitting has significantly hampered the development of hydrogen production, posing numerous challenges in its practical application. In this study, a novel three-dimensional (3D) core-shell heterostructure catalyst with crystalline NiMoO4 nanorods as “core” and amorphous CoFe-LDH nanosheets as “shell” was successfully fabricated on a conductive nickel foam (NF) substrate by using a combination of hydrothermal and electrodeposition strategy. This special 3D core-shell structure fully stimulates the electrocatalytic potential of NiMoO4 and CoFe-LDH, which greatly enhances the efficiency of the overall water-splitting. Through the synergistic interaction of NiMoO4 and amorphous CoFe-LDH, the NiMoO4@CoFe-LDH/NF nanocatalysts generates more active sites and exhibits highly efficient electron transfer ability and excellent OER electrocatalytic activity. Electrochemical tests show that NiMoO4@CoFe-LDH/NF exhibits the most excellent electrochemical performance when the electrodeposition time is 60 s. The overpotentials η10 and η100 at 10 and 100 mA·cm−2 are only 168 and 216 mV, respectively, which shows a very small Tafel slope and excellent long-term stability. Meanwhile, the overall water-splitting system of NiMoO4@CoFe-LDH||NiMoO4 exhibits a low driving voltage, which can produce a current density of 10 mA·cm−2 at 1.57 V. In conclusion, this work provides new ideas for design and development of efficient catalytic materials for electrolyzed water.

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Transition Metal-doped Manganese Oxide: Synthesis by Warm Plasma and Electrocatalytic Performance for Oxygen Evolution Reaction
LI Jiaqi, LI Xiaosong, LI Xuanhe, ZHU Xiaobing, ZHU Aimin
Journal of Inorganic Materials    2024, 39 (7): 835-844.   DOI: 10.15541/jim20230542
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By using renewable electricity proton exchange membrane (PEM), water electrolysis can produce “green hydrogen” of which the rate-determining step is oxygen evolution reaction. Considering the problems of stability, activity and cost, manganese oxides (MnOx) doped with transition metals as a kind of electrocatalysts (Fe-MnOx, Co-MnOx, and Ni-MnOx) were directly synthesized in one-step by gliding arc warm plasma. Complementary characterizations of the crystal structure, morphology, element composition, and surface valence state on this kind of synthetic catalysts were conducted. The results show that MnOx mostly consists of crystalline Mn2O3 and amorphous Mn3O4. Although the transition metal doped catalysts possess the very approximate crystalline compositions to MnOx, they showed a remarkable decrease in particle size and an increase in specific surface area are achieved. Introducing Co to form Co-MnOx can increase surface density of electrons as compared to pure MnOx. We further reveal a unique current step of MnOx-based catalysts in acidic medium which appears in three consecutive potential regions (low I: 1.4-1.8 V, low II: 1.8-2.4 V, and high III: 2.4-2.7 V) under cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements. This current step process is quite consistent with the electrode dynamics curve (as reference) which is reduced by a simplified version of Bulter-Volmer equation, during which the electrocatalytic behavior involves manganese at multi-valence states. At low potential regions Fe-MnOx achieves the highest activity among all catalysts, while at high potential region only Co-MnOx achieves. Furthermore, Co-MnOx onset potential is 160 mV lower than that of pure MnOx, and three times of the ending current density of pure MnOx during bulk electrolysis under potentiostat. Consistent with the trend in activity, at low potential regions Fe-MnOx is the most stable, while at high potential region Co-MnOx is. Consequently, the significant increase in oxygen evolution reaction activity and stability of manganese oxides doped with transition metals is attributed to transition metal doping, which obviously optimizes the particle size, specific surface area, and electronic structure of MnOx.

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Ni-Co-B-RE (Sm, Dy, Tb) Composite Electrodes: Preparation by Chemical Deposition Method and Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Performance
JING Xinxin, CHEN Biqing, ZHAI Jiaxin, YUAN Meiling
Journal of Inorganic Materials    2024, 39 (5): 467-476.   DOI: 10.15541/jim20230491
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Developing low-cost, high-activity non-precious metal electrocatalysts is of great significance for the practical application of water electrolysis. Rare earth (RE) elements have become a research hotspot for the modification of metal catalysts due to their unique electronic structures. However, the methods for preparing rare earth composite catalysts on nickel foam (NF) substrates are demanding, presenting issues such as high cost, complex processes, and long production time. This research employed a straightforward chemical deposition technique to fabricate rare earth composite electrodes on NF substrates. The structure and morphology of the catalytic electrodes were characterized, and their hydrogen evolution performances in 1 mol·L-1 KOH solution were investigated. The results revealed that adding Sm, Dy, and Tb could alter the electronic structure of the electrodes, improve the intrinsic properties of the catalyst materials, and enhance the catalytic performance for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Ni-Co-B-Tb/NF displayed superior hydrogen evolution performance with an overpotential of only 58 mV at a current density of 10 mA·cm-2 and a Tafel slope of 65 mV·dec-1. HER was controlled by the Volmer-Heyrovsky step. It was found that the variation of rare earth concentration had great effect on the electrocatalytic performance. When the Tb concentration was 3 g·L-1, smaller size and uniformer distribution of particles on the surface of Ni-Co-B-Tb/NF exposed more active sites, which was favorable for HER charge transfer, and the best performance of hydrogen evolution was achieved. Furthermore this catalyst exhibited remarkable electrochemical stability following an extensive 100 h stability test and 2000 cyclic voltammetry (CV) testing.

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Construction and Photocatalytic Activity of Monoclinic Tungsten Oxide/Red Phosphorus Step-scheme Heterojunction
TUERHONG Munire, ZHAO Honggang, MA Yuhua, QI Xianhui, LI Yuchen, YAN Chenxiang, LI Jiawen, CHEN Ping
Journal of Inorganic Materials    2023, 38 (6): 701-707.   DOI: 10.15541/jim20220478
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S-scheme heterojunction has been extensively investigated for hydrogen evolution and environmental pollution issues. In this study, a monoclinic WO3/hydrothermally treated red phosphorus (HRP) S-scheme composite was prepared by hydrothermal method. XPS and EPR characterization confirmed that the monoclinic WO3/HRP composite formed S-scheme heterojunction. 5%WO3/HRP composite displayed the optimal photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation, and its degradation rate of Rhodamine B (RhB) reached 97.6% after 4 min of visible light irradiation, while its hydrogen evolution rate reached 870.69 μmol·h-1·g-1 which was 3.62 times of that of pure HRP. This could be ascribed to the tight interfacial bonding between WO3 and HRP, and the formation of S-scheme heterostructure, enabling rapid separation of photogenerated carriers and therefore improving the strong redox capacity. This study provided a promising RP-based photocatalyst to meet the demand for clean energy and drinking water.

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p-n Heterostructured BiVO4/g-C3N4 Photoanode: Construction and Its Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting Performance
WANG Ruyi, XU Guoliang, YANG Lei, DENG Chonghai, CHU Delin, ZHANG Miao, SUN Zhaoqi
Journal of Inorganic Materials    2023, 38 (1): 87-96.   DOI: 10.15541/jim20220439
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Bismuth vanadate (BVO) can be used for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting to hydrogen. However, suffering from its high charge-recombination and slow surface catalytic reaction, the PEC performance is far below the expectation, and the modification of the co-catalysts only on the electrode cannot overcome this disadvantage. Here, we report FeNiOx cocatalyst decorated on the BVO photoanode, which can restrict the onset potential and improve the PEC performance. Moreover, a more effective dual modified-BVO photoanode is formed, with the loading of g-C3N4 before decoration of FeNiOx cocatalyst. The type-II p-n heterojunction composed by g-C3N4 nanosheets and BVO, can inhibit recombination of photogenerated charge, and promote the separation of charge effectively at the electrode. Results show that the charge separation efficiency of the electrode reaches 88.2% after the insertion of g-C3N4, which is nearly 1.5 times that of BVO/FeNiOx (60.6%). Moreover, surface charge injection efficiency of the dual-modified BVO/g-C3N4/FeNiOx electrode reaches 90.2%, while the current density reaches 4.63 mA∙cm-2 at 1.23 V (vs. RHE). This work provides a facile approach to develope high performance photoanodes for PEC water splitting.

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Amorphous Vanadium Oxide Loaded by Metallic Nickel-copper towards High-efficiency Electrocatalyzing Hydrogen Production
SUN Qiangqiang, CHEN Zixuan, YANG Ziyue, WANG Yimeng, CAO Baoyue
Journal of Inorganic Materials    2023, 38 (6): 647-655.   DOI: 10.15541/jim20220625
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Nickel-based electrocatalytic material is considered one of the cost-optimal transition metal catalysts in alkaline water electrolysis due to its accessible industrial-applicability. Nevertheless, slow hydrogen evolution kinetics and low activation are still the grand challenges. Herein, we report a three-dimentional porous cluster structure vanadium oxide implanting into nickel-copper alloy electrocatalyst with phase-separation metallic nickel and copper as the main crystal phase mixed up with amorphous vanadium oxide phase, which is fabricated in situ on nickel foam (NF) by one-step cyclic voltammetry. The tri-hierarchical porous micro-nano structure of VOx-NiCu/NF was constructed by nanoparticles of whichmicropores were created by clusters. This nickel foam micropores endows the target catalyst with a 28-fold increased electrochemically active surface area (ECSA), comparable to Pt-like catalytic activity towards hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Encouragingly, VOx-NiCu/NF needs merely 35 mV (η10) to drive -10 mA·cm-2 towards HER in alkaline medium. In addition, the as-prepared VOx-NiCu/NF exhibits excellent long-time stability and durability. These data suggest that the formation of cluster structure, piled by nanoparticles, creates a large number of surface micropores, which greatly enhance the active sites and provide abundant material transfer channels for HER. Formation of NiCu alloy and amorphous V2O5 phase synergically boost the intrinsic HER activity to a certain extent. Simultaneously, the ideal composition and unique structural characteristics of VOx-NiCu/NF contribute to the superior catalytic performance with the structural advantage responsible for the predominant effect. On the basis of kinetic analysis, the HER at VOx-NiCu/NF proceed via a Volmer-Heyrovsky mechanism, where chemical desorption of hydrogen adsorbed is regarded as the rate-limiting step. Therefore, this study lays a foundation for promotion electrocatalytic hydrogen production.

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Layered NiFeCo-LDH-Ti6C3.75 Catalyst: Preparation and Performance for Oxygen Evolution Reaction
LI Guanglan, WANG Tianyu, LIU Yichen, LU Zhongfa
Journal of Inorganic Materials    2023, 38 (7): 823-829.   DOI: 10.15541/jim20220688
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Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the key reaction for water splitting, but its slow kinetics limitsits application. Therefore, rational design and construction of efficient OER catalysts are crucial for water splitting. Here, a Co2+ ion doped NiFe layered double hydroxides coupled Ti6C3.75 (NiFeCo-LDH-Ti6C3.75) catalyst was prepared by a simple one-step hydrothermal method using cobalt nitrate, nickel nitrate, iron nitrate, urea, and Ti6C3.75 as raw materials. NiFeCo-LDH-Ti6C3.75 catalyst showed a lamellar stacking structure, which is facilitating exposing more active sites. Introduction of Co2+ and Ti6C3.75 reduced the electronic density of Ni and Fe sites of NiFeCo-LDH-Ti6C3.75 catalyst. Benefiting from these features, the NiFeCo-LDH-Ti6C3.75 catalyst exhibits excellent OER activity with an overpotential of merely 290 mV at a current density of 20 mA·cm-2 and a Tafel slope of 87.84 mV·dec-1 with faster reaction kinetics. NiFeCo-LDH-Ti6C3.75 catalyst shows a relatively low charge transfer resistance, which means a fast charge transfer efficiency. Furthermore, after 6000 cycles of accelerated aging test at 20 mA·cm-2, the overpotential only increased ~7 mV, indicating excellent cycle stability of NiFeCo-LDH-Ti6C3.75.

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