Fig. 1 Morphology and pH-responsive drug release of PDA@Cur NPs (a, b) SEM images of (a) PDA NPs and (b) PDA@Cur NPs; (c) Cumulative release of Cur from PDA@Cur NPs at different pH

Fig. 2 Digital photographs, microstructure, and tensile strength of the composite hydrogels (a) Digital photographs of HPL-PDA@Cur-5BG; (b) SEM image of HPL-PDA@Cur-5BG; (c) Tensile strength of the composite hydrogels

Fig. 3 pH changes and ion releases of the conductive composite hydrogels under electrical stimulation (a-c) Interfacial pH under intermittent stimulation; (d) pH variation in PBS; (e) pH variation in PBS under direct current (DC) stimulation; (f-i) Cumulative release of (f) B, (g) Mg, (h) Si, and (i) Sr ions with and without 10 mA stimulation

Fig. 4 Drug release behaviors of the composite hydrogels (a) pH-responsive release of Cur from the composite hydrogels; (b-d) Release profiles under different applied currents in PBS at (b) pH 5.0, (c) pH 6.0 and (d) pH 7.4

Fig. 5 Photothermal performance and pH-dependent antibacterial activity of the HPL-PDA@Cur-5BG composite hydrogel (a) Heating curves under 808 nm NIR irradiation (1.2 W·cm-2); (b) Photographs of antibacterial performance; (c) Antibacterial rates against E. coli; (d) Photographs of antibacterial performance under different pH conditions; (e) Antibacterial rates against E. coli under different pH conditions. Data are presented as mean±standard deviation (SD), n=3; **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001

Fig. 6 Effects of the composite hydrogel extracts on the viability and tube formation function of HUVECs (a) Cell viability after 24 h co-culture, assessed by CCK-8 assay; (b) Representative images of the tube formation assay; (c, d) Semi-quantitative results of the tube formation. Data are presented as mean±SD, n=3; **p<0.01, ***p<0.001

Fig. S1 Schematic illustration of the in vitro experimental setup for evaluating the spatial regulation of hydrogel internal pH by electrical stimulation

Fig. S2 UV-Vis spectra and standard curve of Cur (a) UV-Vis spectra of Cur; (b) Linear fitting curve of absorbance vs. concentration

Fig. S3 Multifunctional properties of the composite hydrogels with different Li+ contents (a) Electrical conductivity; (b) Tensile properties; (c) Adhesive properties; (d) Degradation properties; (e) Swelling properties

Fig. S4 Chemical structure and basic physicochemical properties of the HPMC-based composite hydrogels (a) FT-IR spectra of HPMC, HPMC-PAM-10LiCl and HPL-PDA@Cur-5BG hydrogels; (b) Adhesive properties; (c) Degradation properties; (d) Swelling properties

Fig. S5 Photothermal performance and conversion efficiency of the HPL-PDA@Cur-5BG composite hydrogel (a) Temperature curves under different power densities; (b) Photothermal stability over five NIR irradiation cycles; (c) Temperature vs. time curves during heating and cooling phases; (d) Plots of cooling time vs. -lnθ derived from (c) (dimensionless driving force temperature θ: the ratio of the temperature difference between the system and the ambient temperature over time during the cooling phase)

Fig. S6 Cell viability of HUVECs co-culture with HPL-PDA@Cur-5BG composite hydrogel in the presence or absence of electrical stimulation