Bionic Research on Multistage Pain Sensitization Based on Ionic Oxide Transistor Array

doi:10.15541/jim20220594

Abstract

Abstract:

Multistage pain perception is of great significance for surviving the outside harmful stimuli for organisms. In this work, using a sodium alginate biopolymer electrolyte as neurotransmitter layer, a 5×5 array of junctionless transistoris successfully fabricated for pain perception. The device operates well at low voltage (2 V) with a large current on-off ratio (>10⁴) and on-state current (>10 μA). This coplanar-gate array can not only emulate the important functions of synapses, such as excitatory postsynaptic current, paired-pulse facilitation, and dynamic filtering, but also successfully mimic pain-perception and sensitization abilities of the artificial nociceptor network. Furthermore, this work also successfully emulates the multistage spatio-temporal sensitization in the nociceptor network. Construction of this kind of network system provides a new way for the application of the next-generation neuromorphic brain-like system.

Key words: oxide semiconductor, transistor array, nociceptor network, spatio-temporal sensitization

CLC Number:

TQ174

LI Yanran, XIE Dingdong, JIANG Jie. Bionic Research on Multistage Pain Sensitization Based on Ionic Oxide Transistor Array[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2023, 38(4): 429-436.

Figures/Tables 7

Fig. 1 (a) Diagram of device structure and test process, (b) transfer curve and (c) corresponding output curve of single transistor

Fig. 2 (a) Schematic image of a biological synapse, (b) EPSC and (c) PPF triggered by a presynaptic spike with amplitude at 2.10 V, duration at 10 ms, (d) PPF index fitting, and (e) EPSCs recorded in response to the different stimulus train with frequency ranging from 2 Hz to 50 Hz

Fig. 3 Characteristics of the artificial painful perceptual neuron (a) Structural diagram of painful perceptual neuron; (b) EPSC response by the device applying ten electrical pulses with 10 ms pulse width and different pulse amplitudes from 1.30 V to 4.00 V,which cannot reach threshold current (Ith = 1 µA) until the pulse amplitude up to 2.64 V; (c) Fitting curve of pain threshold voltage; (d) EPSC output by the device with fixed pulse amplitude (2.10 V) and the width increasing from 10 ms to 400 ms; (e) Response of device to continuous multiple pulses with different amplitudes; (f) Fitting for response of device to continuous multiple pulses with different amplitudes (2.00, 2.20, 3.00 and 3.60 V); Colorful figures are available on website

Table 1 Fitting results of different parameters in Fig. 3(f)

Voltage/V	Y₀/μA	Q₁/μA	Q₂/μA	q₁/s	q₂/s
3.60	7.38	-2.89	-2.26	0.07	0.86
3.00	4.43	-1.79	-1.31	0.06	0.68
2.20	1.25	-0.35	-0.31	0.04	0.62
2.00	0.95	-0.22	-0.29	0.03	0.42

Fig. 4 Nooceptor network and its pain perception and sensitization function (a) Schematic diagram of the junctionless transistor array used to construct the nociceptor network; (b) Transfer curves of channel C1 corresponding to 5 different grate positions; (c) Statistical results of Ion and VTH corresponding to the different gates; (d) EPSC response at different grate positions corresponding to C1 under fixed grate voltage (VGS=1.80 V); (e) EPSC response of five channels (C1-C5) corresponding to five different grid positions (G1-G5); Colorful figures are available on website

Fig. 5 Response of EPSC with two pulse sequence (4.00 and 2.20 V) applied in (a) G1, (b) G2, (c) G3, (d) G4, and (e) G5; (f) Relationship between sensitization Z and gate position and pulse sequence interval; (g-i) Relationship between sensitization Z(B2/B1) and gate position in the array at different time intervals ((g) 0.01s, (h) 1.00 s, (i) 10.00 s)

Table 2 Fitting results of different parameters in Fig. 5(f)

Position	Z₀/%	N₀/%	τ/s
G₁	19.08	21.90	2.02
G₂	15.60	8.53	1.32
G₃	11.28	8.20	1.55
G₄	8.72	5.08	1.60
G₅	8.00	4.03	1.13

References 35

[1]	BASBAUM A I, BAUTISTA D M, SCHERRER G, et al. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of pain. Cell, 2009, 139(2):267. DOI PMID
[2]	CORTELLI P, GIANNINI G, FAVONI V, et al. Nociception and autonomic nervous system. Neurological Sciences, 2013, 34(1):41.
[3]	RAJA S N, CARR D B, COHEN M, et al. The revised international association for the study of pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises. Pain, 2020, 161(9): 1976. DOI URL
[4]	TRACEY J R, DANIEL W. Nociception. Current Biology, 2017, 27(4):129. DOI PMID
[5]	LI Y, YIN K, JIANG J, et al. A biopolymer-gated ionotronicjunctionless oxide transistor array for spatiotemporal pain-perception emulation in nociceptor network. Nanoscale, 2022, 14(6):2316. DOI URL
[6]	LI F, GAO S, LU Y, et al. Bio-inspired multi-mode pain-perceptual system (MMPPS) with noxious stimuli warning, damage localization, and enhanced damage protection. Advanced Science, 2021, 8(10):2004208. DOI URL
[7]	LU Q, SUN F, LIU L, et al. Bio-inspired flexible artificial synapses for pain perception and nerve injuries. npj Flexible Electronics, 2020, 4: 3.
[8]	KUMAR M, KIM H S, KIM J. A highly transparent artificial photonic nociceptor. Advanced Materials, 2019, 31(19):e1900021.
[9]	GE J, ZHANG S, LIU Z, et al. Flexible artificial nociceptor using a biopolymer-based forming-free memristor. Nanoscale, 2019, 11(14):6591. DOI PMID
[10]	WANG C, LIANG S, WANG S, et al. Gate-tunable van der waals heterostructure for reconfigurable neural network vision sensor. Science Advances, 2020, 6(26):eaba6173. DOI URL
[11]	CHEN Y, SHU Z, ZHANG S, et al. Sub-10 nm fabrication: methods and applications. International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing, 2021, 3(3):032002. DOI
[12]	XIE D, YIN K, JANG J, et al. Polarization-perceptual anisotropic two-dimensional ReS₂ neuro-transistor with reconfigurable neuromorphic vision. Materials Horizons, 2022, 9(5):1448. DOI URL
[13]	YUKIHIRO K, YU N, MICHIHITO U. Ferroelectric artificial synapses for recognition of a multishaded image. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 2014, 61(8):2827. DOI URL
[14]	JIANG J, GUO J, WAN X, et al. 2D MoS₂ neuromorphic devices for brain-like computational systems. Small, 2017, 13(29):1700933. DOI URL
[15]	JANG J, HU W, XIE D, et al. 2D electric-double-layer phototransistor for photoelectronic and spatiotemporal hybrid neuromorphic integration. Nanoscale, 2019, 11(3):1360. DOI PMID
[16]	LUO C, KUNER T, KUNER R. Synaptic plasticity in pathological pain. Trends in Neurosciences, 2014, 37(6):343. DOI PMID
[17]	CHANG Y, SHAN K, XU Y, et al. Hardware implementation of photoelectrically modulated dendritic arithmetic and spike-timing-dependent plasticity enabled by an ion-coupling gate-tunable vertical 0D-perovskite/2D-MoS₂ hybrid-dimensional van der Waals heterostructure. Nanoscale, 2020, 12(42):21798. DOI URL
[18]	WANG Y Q, WANG J, XIA S H, et al. Neuropathic pain generates silent synapses in thalamic projection to anterior cingulate cortex. Pain, 2021, 162(5):1322. DOI PMID
[19]	HU W, JIANG J, XIE D, et al. Proton-electron-coupled MoS₂ synaptic transistors with a natural renewable biopolymer neurotransmitter for brain-inspired neuromorphic learning. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2019, 7(3):682. DOI URL
[20]	XIE D, JING J, HU W, et al. Coplanar multigate MoS₂ electric-double-layer transistors for neuromorphic visual recognition. ACS Appled Materials Interfaces, 2018, 10(31):25943.
[21]	CITRI A, MALENKA R C. Synaptic plasticity: multiple forms, functions, and mechanisms. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2008, 33(1):18. DOI PMID
[22]	FENG G, JIANG J, ZHAO Y, et al. A sub-10 nm vertical organic/ inorganic hybrid transistor for pain-perceptual and sensitization-regulated nociceptor emulation. Advanced Materials, 2020, 32(6):1906171. DOI URL
[23]	GOLD M S, GEBHART G F. Nociceptor sensitization in pain pathogenesis. Nature Medicine, 2010, 16(11):1248. DOI PMID
[24]	JIANG S, HE Y, LIU R, et al. Freestanding dual-gate oxide-based neuromorphic transistors for flexible artificial nociceptors. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 2021, 68(1):415. DOI URL
[25]	FENG G, JIANG J, LI Y, et al. Flexible vertical photogating transistor network with an ultrashort channel for in‐sensor visual nociceptor. Advanced Functional Materials, 2021, 31(36):2104327. DOI URL
[26]	FORTUNATO E, BARQUINHA P, MARTINS R. Oxide semiconductor thin-film transistors: a review of recent advances. Advanced Materials, 2012, 24(22):2945. DOI URL
[27]	DENG X, WANG S Q, LIU Y X, et al. A flexible mott synaptic transistor for nociceptor simulation and neuromorphic computing. Advanced Functional Materials, 2021, 31(23):2101099. DOI URL
[28]	BARON R, MAIER C, ATTAL N, et al. Peripheral neuropathic pain: a mechanism-related organizing principle based on sensory profiles. Pain, 2017, 158(2):261. DOI PMID
[29]	GU L, LI Y, XIE D, et al. Fully Optical-driving ionotronic InGaZnO₄ phototransistor for gate-tunable bidirectional photofiltering and visual perception. IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 2022, 69(8):4382. DOI URL
[30]	LI M, YANG F S, HSU H C, et al. Defect engineering in ambipolar layered materials for mode-regulable nociceptor. Advanced Functional Materials, 2020, 31(5):2007587. DOI URL
[31]	VERRIPTIS M, CHANG P, FITZGERALD M, et al. The development of the nociceptive brain. Neuroscience, 2016, 338(3):207. DOI PMID
[32]	XIE D, JIANG J, DING L. Anisotropic 2D materials for post-Moore photoelectric devices. Journal of Semiconductors, 2022, 43(1):010201. DOI
[33]	LI Q, TAO Q, CHE Y, et al. Low voltage and robust InSe memristor using van der Waals electrodes integration. International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing, 2021, 3(4):045103. DOI
[34]	ZHAO Y, LIU W, ZHAO J, et al. The fabrication, characterization and functionalization in molecular electronics. International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing, 2022, 4(2):022003. DOI
[35]	LI G XIE, D, ZHONG H, et al. Photo-induced non-volatile VO₂ phase transition for neuromorphic ultraviolet sensors. Nature Communications, 2022, 13: 1729.