National Natural Science Foundation of China(82072065) National Natural Science Foundation of China(81471784) Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA16021103) National Youth Talent Support Program of China Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(E2EG6802X2)
With the development of nanomedicine, utilization of nanomaterials to catalyze the generation of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) under exogenous ultrasound stimulation has attracted widespread attention for disease therapy, which is called sonodynamic therapy (SDT). Currently, development of high-efficiency sonosensitizers that can be used in SDT to improve ROS yield remains one of the most important challenges for current research and future clinical translation. Recently, benefited from the development of piezotronics and piezophototronics, novel sonosensitizers based on piezoelectric semiconductor nanomaterials have shown promising applications in SDT. In this review, we outline the structures and properties of piezoelectric semiconductors, and introduce the presumed mechanism of SDT with piezoelectric semiconductors. The newest research progresses on using piezoelectric semiconductor as sonosensitizer in cancer treatments and antibacterial applications are summarized. Finally, the existing challenges and future development trends in this field are proposed.
Fig. 1
Structural characteristics of piezoelectric semiconductors[24]
(a,b) Crystal structures of (a) perovskite BaTiO3 and (b) wurtzite ZnO; (c) Influence of stacking on the piezoelectric effect of MoS2 at crystal structure of (i) single-layer, (ii) 2H and (iii) 3R
(a) Original electrostatic balance state of a poled piezoelectric material; (b) Charge release and ROS production under stress; (c) Modified electrostatic balance state under maximum stress; (d) Adsorption of charges from the surrounding electrolyte under reduced stress, and the opposite charges in the electrolyte are involved in ROS production
Fig. 6
Efficiency of SDT improved by constructing heterojunction or introducing defects on piezoelectric semiconductor nanomaterials[42-43]
(a) i: Schematic diagram of the preparation and SDT treatment with Au@BP, ii: Time-dependent fluorescence of singlet oxygen sensor green (SOSG) under ultrasound irradiation, iii: Intracellular ROS level after different treatments[42] with (1-6) indicate blank, ultrasound, BP nanosheets, Au@BP nanohybrids, BP nanosheets with ultrasound, and Au@BP nanohybrids with ultrasound, respectively; (b) i: Schematic illustration of D-ZnOx:Gd under ultrasound irradiation, ii: Strucure of defect-free ZnO and defect-rich D-ZnOx:Gd and their adsorption energies with O2 and H2O [43] BP: Black phosphorus; CB: Conduction band; VB: Valence band
Fig. 7
Application of piezoelectric semiconductor nanomaterials in anti-bacterial[44-45]
(a) i: HRTEM image of WS2 NFs, ii: Piezo force microscopy image and 3D piezoelectric potential image of WS2 NFs, iii: •OH and 1O2 were measured by electron spin-resonance spectroscopy (EPR), iv: Antibacterial properties of WS2 NFs against E. coli after ultrasound treatment; (b) Sonodynamic mechanism of porphyrin-based hollow metal-organic framework-MoS2 (HNTM-MoS2) and therapy on osteomyelitis; MRSA: Methicillin-resistant S. aureus; LUMO: Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital; HOMO: Highest occupied molecular orbital; HNTM: Hollow metal-organic framework; RBC: Red blood cell; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β
Fig. 8
Au@BTO for bacterial elimination and wound healing[46]
(a) Mechanism of sonodynamic therapy using Au@BTO under ultrasound irradiation; (b) Sonodynamic antibacterial effect of Au@BTO against E. coli and S. aureus; (c) Representative photographs of mouse S. aureus infected wounds at different time (d) Representative images of NIH-3T3 cell migration; NHE: Normal hydrogen electrode; US: Ultrasound
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an essential role in regulating various physiological functions of living organisms. The intrinsic biochemical properties of ROS, which underlie the mechanisms necessary for the growth, fitness, or aging of living organisms, have been driving researchers to take full advantage of these active chemical species for contributing to medical advances. Thanks to the remarkable advances in nanotechnology, great varieties of nanomaterials with unique ROS-regulating properties have been explored to guide the temporospatial dynamic behaviors of ROS in biological milieu, which contributes to the emergence of a new-generation therapeutic methodology, i.e., nanomaterial-guided in vivo ROS evolution for therapy. The interdependent relationship between ROS and their corresponding chemistry, biology, and nanotherapy leads us to propose the concept of "ROS science", which is believed to be an emerging scientific discipline that studies the chemical mechanisms, biological effects, and nanotherapeutic applications of ROS. In this review, state-of-art studies concerning recent progresses on ROS-based nanotherapies have been summarized in detail, with an emphasis on underlying material chemistry of nanomaterials by which ROS are generated or scavenged for improved therapeutic outcomes. Furthermore, key scientific issues in the evolution of ROS-based cross-disciplinary fields have also been discussed, aiming to unlock the innate powers of ROS for optimized therapeutic efficacies. We expect that our demonstration on this evolving field will be beneficial to the further development of ROS-based fundamental researches and clinical applications.
YUMITAN, NISHIGAKIR, UMEMURAK, et al.
Hematoporphy- rin as a sensitizer of cell-damaging effect of ultrasound
Japanese Journal of Cancer Research, 1989, 80(3):219-222.
The emergence of piezoelectricity in two-dimensional (2D) materials has represented a milestone towards employing low-dimensional structures for future technologies. 2D piezoelectric materials possess unique and unprecedented characteristics that cannot be found in other morphologies; therefore, the applications of piezoelectricity can be substantially extended. By reducing the thickness into the 2D realm, piezoelectricity might be induced in otherwise non-piezoelectric materials. The origin of the enhanced piezoelectricity in such thin planes is attributed to the loss of centrosymmetry, altered carrier concentration, and change in local polarization and can be efficiently tailored via surface modifications. Access to such materials is important from a fundamental research point of view, to observe the extraordinary interactions between free charge carriers, phonons and photons, and also with respect to device development, for which planar structures provide the required compatibility with the large-scale fabrication technologies of integrated circuits. The existence of piezoelectricity in 2D materials presents great opportunities for applications in various fields of electronics, optoelectronics, energy harvesting, sensors, actuators and biotechnology. Additionally, 2D flexible nanostructures with superior piezoelectric properties are distinctive candidates for integration into nano-scale electromechanical systems. Here we fundamentally review the state of the art of 2D piezoelectric materials from both experimental and theoretical aspects and report the recent achievements in the synthesis, characterization and applications of these materials.
HINCHETR, KHANU, FALCONIC, et al.
Piezoelectric properties in two-dimensional materials: simulations and experiments
The detection methods and generation mechanisms of the intrinsic reactive oxygen species (ROS), i.e., superoxide anion radical (O), hydrogen peroxide (HO), singlet oxygen (O), and hydroxyl radical (OH) in photocatalysis, were surveyed comprehensively. Consequently, the major photocatalyst used in heterogeneous photocatalytic systems was found to be TiO. However, besides TiO some representative photocatalysts were also involved in the discussion. Among the various issues we focused on the detection methods and generation reactions of ROS in the aqueous suspensions of photocatalysts. On the careful account of the experimental results presented so far, we proposed the following apprehension: adsorbed OH could be regarded as trapped holes, which are involved in a rapid adsorption-desorption equilibrium at the TiO-solution interface. Because the equilibrium shifts to the adsorption side, trapped holes must be actually the dominant oxidation species whereas OH in solution would exert the reactivity mainly for nonadsorbed reactants. The most probable routes of generating intrinsic ROS at the surfaces of two polymorphs of TiO, anatase and rutile, were discussed along with some plausible rational reaction processes. In addition to the four major ROS, three ROS, that is organic peroxides, ozone, and nitric oxide, which are less common in photocatalysis are also briefly reviewed.
LIY, XIEJ, UMW, et al.
Sono/photodynamic nanomedicine-elicited cancer immunotherapy
The increasing demand for a whiter smile has resulted in an increased popularity for tooth whitening procedures. The most classic hydrogen peroxide-based whitening agents are effective, but can lead to enamel demineralization, gingival irritation, or cytotoxicity. Furthermore, these techniques are excessively time-consuming. Here, we report a nondestructive, harmless and convenient tooth whitening strategy based on a piezo-catalysis effect realized by replacement of abrasives traditionally used in toothpaste with piezoelectric particles. Degradation of organic dyes via piezo-catalysis of BaTiO (BTO) nanoparticles was performed under ultrasonic vibration to simulate daily tooth brushing. Teeth stained with black tea, blueberry juice, wine or a combination thereof can be notably whitened by the poled BTO turbid liquid after vibration for 3 h. A similar treatment using unpoled or cubic BTO show negligible tooth whitening effect. Furthermore, the BTO nanoparticle-based piezo-catalysis tooth whitening procedure exhibits remarkably less damage to both enamel and biological cells.
WANGZ L.
Piezopotential gated nanowire devices: piezotronics and piezo-phototronics
Structural characteristics of piezoelectric semiconductors<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b24">24</xref>]</sup>
(a,b) Crystal structures of (a) perovskite BaTiO3 and (b) wurtzite ZnO; (c) Influence of stacking on the piezoelectric effect of MoS2 at crystal structure of (i) single-layer, (ii) 2H and (iii) 3R ...
... [24]
(a,b) Crystal structures of (a) perovskite BaTiO3 and (b) wurtzite ZnO; (c) Influence of stacking on the piezoelectric effect of MoS2 at crystal structure of (i) single-layer, (ii) 2H and (iii) 3R ...
... [32]Schematic of piezocatalysis<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b32">32</xref>]</sup>
(a) Original electrostatic balance state of a poled piezoelectric material; (b) Charge release and ROS production under stress; (c) Modified electrostatic balance state under maximum stress; (d) Adsorption of charges from the surrounding electrolyte under reduced stress, and the opposite charges in the electrolyte are involved in ROS production ...
... [32]
(a) Original electrostatic balance state of a poled piezoelectric material; (b) Charge release and ROS production under stress; (c) Modified electrostatic balance state under maximum stress; (d) Adsorption of charges from the surrounding electrolyte under reduced stress, and the opposite charges in the electrolyte are involved in ROS production ...
Piezopotential gated nanowire devices: piezotronics and piezo-phototronics
Piezoelectric materials as sono- dynamic sensitizers to safely ablate tumors: a case study using black phosphorus
5
2020
... Parameters of ultrasonic excitation devices used in animal experiments of sonodynamic therapy with piezoelectric semiconductor nanomaterialsTable 1
... [39⇓-41]Anti-tumor application of piezoelectric semiconductor nanomaterials in SDT enhanced by band tilt under ultrasound irradiation<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b39">39</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b40">⇓</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b41">41</xref>]</sup>
(a, b)Band structures of (a) black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets[39] and (b) T-BaTiO3 nanoparticles[40]; (c) Bi2MoO6 nanorods (BMO NRs) and GSH-activated BMO NRs (GBMO NRs) and their ROS generation under ultrasonic irradiation[41];CB: Conduction band; VB: Valence band; RHE: Relative hyedrogen electrode; NHE: Normal hydrogen electrode ...
... [39⇓-41]
(a, b)Band structures of (a) black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets[39] and (b) T-BaTiO3 nanoparticles[40]; (c) Bi2MoO6 nanorods (BMO NRs) and GSH-activated BMO NRs (GBMO NRs) and their ROS generation under ultrasonic irradiation[41];CB: Conduction band; VB: Valence band; RHE: Relative hyedrogen electrode; NHE: Normal hydrogen electrode ...
... (a, b)Band structures of (a) black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets[39] and (b) T-BaTiO3 nanoparticles[40]; (c) Bi2MoO6 nanorods (BMO NRs) and GSH-activated BMO NRs (GBMO NRs) and their ROS generation under ultrasonic irradiation[41];CB: Conduction band; VB: Valence band; RHE: Relative hyedrogen electrode; NHE: Normal hydrogen electrode ...
Piezocatalytic tumor therapy by ultrasound-triggered and BaTiO3-mediated piezoelectricity
6
2020
... Parameters of ultrasonic excitation devices used in animal experiments of sonodynamic therapy with piezoelectric semiconductor nanomaterialsTable 1
... ⇓-41]Anti-tumor application of piezoelectric semiconductor nanomaterials in SDT enhanced by band tilt under ultrasound irradiation<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b39">39</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b40">⇓</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b41">41</xref>]</sup>
(a, b)Band structures of (a) black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets[39] and (b) T-BaTiO3 nanoparticles[40]; (c) Bi2MoO6 nanorods (BMO NRs) and GSH-activated BMO NRs (GBMO NRs) and their ROS generation under ultrasonic irradiation[41];CB: Conduction band; VB: Valence band; RHE: Relative hyedrogen electrode; NHE: Normal hydrogen electrode ...
... ⇓-41]
(a, b)Band structures of (a) black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets[39] and (b) T-BaTiO3 nanoparticles[40]; (c) Bi2MoO6 nanorods (BMO NRs) and GSH-activated BMO NRs (GBMO NRs) and their ROS generation under ultrasonic irradiation[41];CB: Conduction band; VB: Valence band; RHE: Relative hyedrogen electrode; NHE: Normal hydrogen electrode ...
... (a, b)Band structures of (a) black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets[39] and (b) T-BaTiO3 nanoparticles[40]; (c) Bi2MoO6 nanorods (BMO NRs) and GSH-activated BMO NRs (GBMO NRs) and their ROS generation under ultrasonic irradiation[41];CB: Conduction band; VB: Valence band; RHE: Relative hyedrogen electrode; NHE: Normal hydrogen electrode ...
2D piezoelectric Bi2MoO6nano- ribbons for GSH-enhanced sonodynamic therapy
5
2021
... Parameters of ultrasonic excitation devices used in animal experiments of sonodynamic therapy with piezoelectric semiconductor nanomaterialsTable 1
Anti-tumor application of piezoelectric semiconductor nanomaterials in SDT enhanced by band tilt under ultrasound irradiation<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b39">39</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b40">⇓</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b41">41</xref>]</sup>
(a, b)Band structures of (a) black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets[39] and (b) T-BaTiO3 nanoparticles[40]; (c) Bi2MoO6 nanorods (BMO NRs) and GSH-activated BMO NRs (GBMO NRs) and their ROS generation under ultrasonic irradiation[41];CB: Conduction band; VB: Valence band; RHE: Relative hyedrogen electrode; NHE: Normal hydrogen electrode ...
... -41]
(a, b)Band structures of (a) black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets[39] and (b) T-BaTiO3 nanoparticles[40]; (c) Bi2MoO6 nanorods (BMO NRs) and GSH-activated BMO NRs (GBMO NRs) and their ROS generation under ultrasonic irradiation[41];CB: Conduction band; VB: Valence band; RHE: Relative hyedrogen electrode; NHE: Normal hydrogen electrode ...
... (a, b)Band structures of (a) black phosphorus (BP) nanosheets[39] and (b) T-BaTiO3 nanoparticles[40]; (c) Bi2MoO6 nanorods (BMO NRs) and GSH-activated BMO NRs (GBMO NRs) and their ROS generation under ultrasonic irradiation[41];CB: Conduction band; VB: Valence band; RHE: Relative hyedrogen electrode; NHE: Normal hydrogen electrode ...
Two dimensional semicon- ductors for ultrasound-mediated cancer therapy: the case of black phos-phorus nanosheets
5
2018
... Parameters of ultrasonic excitation devices used in animal experiments of sonodynamic therapy with piezoelectric semiconductor nanomaterialsTable 1
... [42-43]Efficiency of SDT improved by constructing heterojunction or introducing defects on piezoelectric semiconductor nanomaterials<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b42">42</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b43">43</xref>]</sup>
(a) i: Schematic diagram of the preparation and SDT treatment with Au@BP, ii: Time-dependent fluorescence of singlet oxygen sensor green (SOSG) under ultrasound irradiation, iii: Intracellular ROS level after different treatments[42] with (1-6) indicate blank, ultrasound, BP nanosheets, Au@BP nanohybrids, BP nanosheets with ultrasound, and Au@BP nanohybrids with ultrasound, respectively; (b) i: Schematic illustration of D-ZnOx:Gd under ultrasound irradiation, ii: Strucure of defect-free ZnO and defect-rich D-ZnOx:Gd and their adsorption energies with O2 and H2O [43] BP: Black phosphorus; CB: Conduction band; VB: Valence band ...
... [42-43]
(a) i: Schematic diagram of the preparation and SDT treatment with Au@BP, ii: Time-dependent fluorescence of singlet oxygen sensor green (SOSG) under ultrasound irradiation, iii: Intracellular ROS level after different treatments[42] with (1-6) indicate blank, ultrasound, BP nanosheets, Au@BP nanohybrids, BP nanosheets with ultrasound, and Au@BP nanohybrids with ultrasound, respectively; (b) i: Schematic illustration of D-ZnOx:Gd under ultrasound irradiation, ii: Strucure of defect-free ZnO and defect-rich D-ZnOx:Gd and their adsorption energies with O2 and H2O [43] BP: Black phosphorus; CB: Conduction band; VB: Valence band ...
... (a) i: Schematic diagram of the preparation and SDT treatment with Au@BP, ii: Time-dependent fluorescence of singlet oxygen sensor green (SOSG) under ultrasound irradiation, iii: Intracellular ROS level after different treatments[42] with (1-6) indicate blank, ultrasound, BP nanosheets, Au@BP nanohybrids, BP nanosheets with ultrasound, and Au@BP nanohybrids with ultrasound, respectively; (b) i: Schematic illustration of D-ZnOx:Gd under ultrasound irradiation, ii: Strucure of defect-free ZnO and defect-rich D-ZnOx:Gd and their adsorption energies with O2 and H2O [43] BP: Black phosphorus; CB: Conduction band; VB: Valence band ...
Defect modified zinc oxide with augmenting sonodynamic reactive oxygen species generation
4
2020
... Parameters of ultrasonic excitation devices used in animal experiments of sonodynamic therapy with piezoelectric semiconductor nanomaterialsTable 1
... -43]Efficiency of SDT improved by constructing heterojunction or introducing defects on piezoelectric semiconductor nanomaterials<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b42">42</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b43">43</xref>]</sup>
(a) i: Schematic diagram of the preparation and SDT treatment with Au@BP, ii: Time-dependent fluorescence of singlet oxygen sensor green (SOSG) under ultrasound irradiation, iii: Intracellular ROS level after different treatments[42] with (1-6) indicate blank, ultrasound, BP nanosheets, Au@BP nanohybrids, BP nanosheets with ultrasound, and Au@BP nanohybrids with ultrasound, respectively; (b) i: Schematic illustration of D-ZnOx:Gd under ultrasound irradiation, ii: Strucure of defect-free ZnO and defect-rich D-ZnOx:Gd and their adsorption energies with O2 and H2O [43] BP: Black phosphorus; CB: Conduction band; VB: Valence band ...
... -43]
(a) i: Schematic diagram of the preparation and SDT treatment with Au@BP, ii: Time-dependent fluorescence of singlet oxygen sensor green (SOSG) under ultrasound irradiation, iii: Intracellular ROS level after different treatments[42] with (1-6) indicate blank, ultrasound, BP nanosheets, Au@BP nanohybrids, BP nanosheets with ultrasound, and Au@BP nanohybrids with ultrasound, respectively; (b) i: Schematic illustration of D-ZnOx:Gd under ultrasound irradiation, ii: Strucure of defect-free ZnO and defect-rich D-ZnOx:Gd and their adsorption energies with O2 and H2O [43] BP: Black phosphorus; CB: Conduction band; VB: Valence band ...
High efficient degradation of dye molecules by PDMS embedded abundant singlelayer tungsten disulfide and their antibacterial performance
... [44-45]Application of piezoelectric semiconductor nanomaterials in anti-bacterial<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b44">44</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b45">45</xref>]</sup>
(a) i: HRTEM image of WS2 NFs, ii: Piezo force microscopy image and 3D piezoelectric potential image of WS2 NFs, iii: •OH and 1O2 were measured by electron spin-resonance spectroscopy (EPR), iv: Antibacterial properties of WS2 NFs against E. coli after ultrasound treatment; (b) Sonodynamic mechanism of porphyrin-based hollow metal-organic framework-MoS2 (HNTM-MoS2) and therapy on osteomyelitis; MRSA: Methicillin-resistant S. aureus; LUMO: Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital; HOMO: Highest occupied molecular orbital; HNTM: Hollow metal-organic framework; RBC: Red blood cell; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β ...
... [44-45]
(a) i: HRTEM image of WS2 NFs, ii: Piezo force microscopy image and 3D piezoelectric potential image of WS2 NFs, iii: •OH and 1O2 were measured by electron spin-resonance spectroscopy (EPR), iv: Antibacterial properties of WS2 NFs against E. coli after ultrasound treatment; (b) Sonodynamic mechanism of porphyrin-based hollow metal-organic framework-MoS2 (HNTM-MoS2) and therapy on osteomyelitis; MRSA: Methicillin-resistant S. aureus; LUMO: Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital; HOMO: Highest occupied molecular orbital; HNTM: Hollow metal-organic framework; RBC: Red blood cell; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β ...
Piezo-augmented sonosensitizer with strong ultrasound-propelling ability for efficient treatment of osteomye-litis
4
2022
... Parameters of ultrasonic excitation devices used in animal experiments of sonodynamic therapy with piezoelectric semiconductor nanomaterialsTable 1
... -45]Application of piezoelectric semiconductor nanomaterials in anti-bacterial<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b44">44</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b45">45</xref>]</sup>
(a) i: HRTEM image of WS2 NFs, ii: Piezo force microscopy image and 3D piezoelectric potential image of WS2 NFs, iii: •OH and 1O2 were measured by electron spin-resonance spectroscopy (EPR), iv: Antibacterial properties of WS2 NFs against E. coli after ultrasound treatment; (b) Sonodynamic mechanism of porphyrin-based hollow metal-organic framework-MoS2 (HNTM-MoS2) and therapy on osteomyelitis; MRSA: Methicillin-resistant S. aureus; LUMO: Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital; HOMO: Highest occupied molecular orbital; HNTM: Hollow metal-organic framework; RBC: Red blood cell; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β ...
... -45]
(a) i: HRTEM image of WS2 NFs, ii: Piezo force microscopy image and 3D piezoelectric potential image of WS2 NFs, iii: •OH and 1O2 were measured by electron spin-resonance spectroscopy (EPR), iv: Antibacterial properties of WS2 NFs against E. coli after ultrasound treatment; (b) Sonodynamic mechanism of porphyrin-based hollow metal-organic framework-MoS2 (HNTM-MoS2) and therapy on osteomyelitis; MRSA: Methicillin-resistant S. aureus; LUMO: Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital; HOMO: Highest occupied molecular orbital; HNTM: Hollow metal-organic framework; RBC: Red blood cell; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β ...
Piezoelectric nanocomposites for sonodynamic bacterial elimination and wound healing
4
2021
... Parameters of ultrasonic excitation devices used in animal experiments of sonodynamic therapy with piezoelectric semiconductor nanomaterialsTable 1
... [46]Au@BTO for bacterial elimination and wound healing<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b46">46</xref>]</sup>
(a) Mechanism of sonodynamic therapy using Au@BTO under ultrasound irradiation; (b) Sonodynamic antibacterial effect of Au@BTO against E. coli and S. aureus; (c) Representative photographs of mouse S. aureus infected wounds at different time (d) Representative images of NIH-3T3 cell migration; NHE: Normal hydrogen electrode; US: Ultrasound ...
... [46]
(a) Mechanism of sonodynamic therapy using Au@BTO under ultrasound irradiation; (b) Sonodynamic antibacterial effect of Au@BTO against E. coli and S. aureus; (c) Representative photographs of mouse S. aureus infected wounds at different time (d) Representative images of NIH-3T3 cell migration; NHE: Normal hydrogen electrode; US: Ultrasound ...
