The scintillators used for high-energy physics experiments will encounter a severe irradiation environment. So the irradiation hardness of scintillators must meet
certain requirements. After irradiation, the scintillators will have some changes including the change of scintillation mechanism, the
formation of color centers, the change of light output, the damage of light response uniformity, the increase of noise. The irradiation
effect of scintillators is caused by the structure defects, such as oxygen vacancies. Doping, optimization of crystal growth parameters
and post thermal treatment have been proved to be effective for enhancing the radiation hardness of scintillation crystals. This
article introduces the irradiation effects of new scintillators and several usual methods of studying irradiation effects, including
optical spectroscopy analysis, thermoluminescence, electron paramagnetic resonance and the technique of positron annihilation.

LnBO₃:Eu(Ln=Y,Gd)orthoborates were prepared by solid state reaction and sol-gel technique. Nephelauxetic effect was observed in the ⁷F₀→⁵D₀ transition of Eu³⁺ in a pseudo-vaterite type YBO₃ when the
excitation spectra were carried out at different temperatures. According to the luminescence of YBO₃:Eu at low temperatures and the effect of
different temperatures on the luminescence, the site symmetries of Ln³⁺ in YBO₃ were revised to be a D₃ and a similar C₃. Different
luminescent intensities and quenching concentrations were found for the sol-gel samples and corresponding solid-state-synthesized ones. The effect
of defects or dislocations was taken into account to explain these phenomena. The luminescence of annealed samples and the Raman spectra of them suggested the
presence of Eu³⁺ clusters in the sol-gel crystalline YBO₃:Eu.

This review summarizes recent work in nanoscale luminescent materials of rare earth compounds. This review concentrates on the preparation, strucutrue and luminescence properties of nanoscale rare earth compounds. Spectroscopic studies range from basic luminescence spectroscopy, luminescence intensity and decay time to concentration quench. Finally, some suggestions of further research work are preferred.

Mixed oxygen-ion and electronic conducting ceramic membranes have received increasing attention in the past decade. The progress in bismuth-contained mixed conducting oxide membranes was reviewed, considerable attention was paid to the progress made in our group during the past years. The problems associated with the bismuth-contained materials were discussed. The promising developing direction was also pointed out.

Schilren technique coupling differential interferential microscope was employed to in-situ observation
high temperature Bi₁₂SiO₂₀ melt Marangoni convection. The bifurcation of oscillatory convection was also observed in this experiment
and the oscillatory frequency was obtained as 5-7Hz. In the steady convection stage, the flow configuration appears as fish-like shape which
comprises of a main-trunk and two branches. The width of the main-trunk decreases with temperature rising. Meanwhile, along the main-trunk two
darker color regions appear symmetrically. The distance between them becomes, narrower gradually and crossed together at last. This is the critical
point for the transition to oscillatory convection. The critical Marangoni number Ma_c 22433 experimentally obtained for Bi₁₂SiO₂₀
melt, agrees with a theoretical speculation Ma_c=2884Pr^0.638 for high Prandtl number melt.

A real-time cross-correlation between concentration, temperature and electrical conductivity of KDP aqueous solution was determined by using an transformer-type
conductivity sensor. This correlation can be expressed by L(T_s,t)=L₀(t)+b₁(t)T_s+b₂(t)T_s². On the base of the correlation, a computer system was made to realize the in-line
measurement and control of the supersaturation of the growth solution. The system can control the supersaturation within ±0.04g KDP/100g water (±0.12% relative
supersaturation). The system was used to study the relationship between the supersaturation of the growing solution and the properties of the crystals grown from different
raw materials. It was found that growth rate rise but the homogeneity of KDP crystal goes down as the supersaturation increases. The system makes KDP crystal growing
under a stable supersaturation and the growth band and scattering particles inside the crystals suppressed, so the optical transmittance and laser damage threshold
of the crystal improved.

By using the average bond-gap model, chemical bond properities of LiNbO₃ were studied. Calculated results showed that covalency of Nb-O bond was 0.2, and of Li-O bond 0.42. Racah parameter of Cr³⁺ ion and Mossbauer isomer shifts of Fe²⁺ ion in LiNbO₃ were calculated by using the chemical surrounding factor, h, definited by covalency and electronic polarizability,and the results agreed with the experimental values.

Gd doped lead fluoride crystals were grown by modified Bridgman methods. Under X-ray excitation, their emission intensities peaked at 278nm and 312nm increase
with the doping amount of Gd³⁺ ions, but decrease from the beginning part to the finishing end of the crystallization along the growth direction. The concentration
of Gd³⁺ ions in the PbF_2 crystal, analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectrophotometer, also decreases in the same direction as emission intensity does. The correspondence
between Gd content and luminescence intensity of PbF₂:Gd crystal demonstrates that the non-uniformity of luminescence intensity results from the in-homogeneous
distribution of Gd³⁺ ions in the crystal. It was found that by co-doping suitable amount of alkali metal ions, such as Na⁺ and K⁺, with Gd ion into
PbF₂ crystal, the difference of luminescent intensities and Gd³⁺ concentration from the bottom to the top of the crystal become smaller and the transmittance
is higher than that of the single doping crystal. Especially, the uniformization effect of Na⁺ ions is better than that of K⁺ ions. It shows that the role of

Some special features in dielectric, piezoelectric properties and phase transition behavior of (1-x)Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O_3-xPbTiO_₃ (PMN-PT) (x=0.24, 0.3, 0.33 and 0.35)
single crystals grown by Bridgman method were outlined: 1) Extremely high piezoelectric constant d₃₃ (up to 3000 pC/N) and
coupling factors k₃₃ and k_t (up to 0.94 and 0.62 respectively), low mechanical factor of merit (Q_m～60), large dielectric constant
ε(～5000). 2) Strong orientation dependence of piezoelectric properties. 3) with increasing PT content, the system becomes less relaxational,
but at least upto x=0.35, the system still partly exhibites relaxor feature: for x=0.33 and 0.35. ε～T curves look sharp enough to show
a normal ferroelectric like feature, however when T>T_m the ε～T relation does not obey Curie-Weiss law, but follows Smolenskii’s relation.
The piezoelectric properties of PMN-PT ceramics are similar to PZT-5H, but with higher ε and k₃₁.

X molecular sieve was synthesized from potash feldspar ores by baking and hydrothermal synthesizing procedures. The optimal technological parameters were determined by means of quadrature experiment. The properties of the synthesis powder such as XRD, crystal constants, SEM, DTA, chemical composition, SiO₂/Al₂O₃ are similar to those of the ideal 13X moleclar sieve. And its absorbability comes up to the state standards of chemical industry of China.

Pure and Y₂O₃ doped SnO2 gas sensitive thin films were prepared by the sol-gel technique by using non-alkoxide SnCl₂·2H₂O ) Y(NO₃)₃·6H₂O as precursors. The thermal decomposition and crystallization process of 1mol%Y₂O₃-SnO₂ thin films and the effect of doping amount on the electrical and gas sensitive properties of SnO₂ thin films were studied. The Y₂O₃-SnO₂ film shows novel gas sensing properties (good sensitivity, high selectivity and quick response behavior) toward low concentration of NO₂ at room temperature.

Sol-gel-derived TiO₂-SiO₂ films on NiTi Shape Memory Alloy were prepared. The corrosion behavior of TiO₂-SiO₂ films with different compositions
was studied in Tyrode’s solution. The results indicate that the corrosion resistance will be enhanced with the increasing of Ti/Si molar
ratio in the film. A scratching test and AFM observation show that the TiO₂-SiO₂ film (Ti/Si=4:1) is bonded strongly to the substrate.
AFM analyses of surface morphology and roughness indicate that the TiO₂-SiO₂ film (Ti/Si=4:1) is compact, uniform and smooth. The
relationship between the composition and corrosion resistance of TiO₂-SiO₂ films was discussed. The TiO₂-SiO₂ films with a small amount of SiO₂
have good corrosion resistance and can be used as protective layers on NiTi alloy for biomedical applications.

Optical emission spectra were applied to detect the chemical radicals in the system. It is shown that
the additional nitrogen makes the chemical radicals and surface activity of diamond films change tremendously. Nitrogenous species
abstract the atomic hydrogen on the diamond surface and speed up the desorption rate of H, so as to promote the diamond films deposition.
Further more, the selective absorption of nitrogenous species causes the (100) facets chemical roughening, which makes the growth rate of
(100) facet higher than that of other facets and leads to the presence of (100) textured diamond films. The effects of nitrogen
addition in CH₄/H₂ gas mixtures on morphology, quality and growth rate of polycrystalline diamond films prepared by hot filament chemical
vapor deposition (HFCVD) were also studied. The results agree with the analysis of the optical emission spectra.

Ti(IV) was successfully grafted onto the frameworks of MCM-41 material by solution grafting reaction scheme. The product was extensively characterized by XRD, TEM, EDS, FTIR, N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherms and ²⁹Si MAS NMR methods. Three mechanisms of the solution grafting reaction were put forward. Experimental results show that the Si-OH groups react with Ti(OBu)₄ and form St-O-Ti bands, which are marked by the strong absorption at 950~960cm^-1 in IR spectra

The studies were focused on the optical properties of supercritical-drying-technique-prepared silica
aerogels assembled with PbS colloids synthesized by colloidal chemistry route. Transmission electron microscope was used to image
the assembled samples. Fluorescence spectroscopy and absorption spectrophotometer were employed to investigate the optical properties
of the assembled systems. Large optical absorption edges red-shift along with the increase of annealing temperature was observed, which
can be attributed to the quantum confinement effects. Photoluminescence intensity enhances along with the increase of the annealing temperature
to the maximum at 573K, dropping thereafter, and the photoluminescence peaks show small red-shifts in the meanwhile. These phenomena are
related to quantum confinement effects, defect states in the particle surface and excitonic recombination probability.

Two kinds of titania modified the inner surface of mesoporous slilcate MCM-41 (MCM-TiO₂ and MCM-Ti-TiO₂) were synthesized by precursor
tetrabutyltitanate and calcined MCM-41. The samples were characterized by XRD, FTIR, nitrogen adsorption/desorption at 77K and solid state diffuse
reflectance UV-vis spectroscopy. XRD suggested that a long-range a long-range order kept in the hexagonal phase of titania modified MCM-41. Tetrabutyltitanate
cocondensation with the pendant OH groups of MCM-41 via Si--O--Ti bonds and titania modified the inner walls of MCM-41. Titania on the inner walls of
modified MCM-41 was estimated monolayer or two-layer according to the results of nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms. In UV-vis spectra,
titania modified MCM-41 had significant blue shift compared to bulk TiO₂ which is attributed to the well known quantum size effect for semiconductor as the
particle size decreases.

Tribological properties of plasma-sprayed Cr₃C₂-NiCr coatings without or with electroless plated
Ni were investigated, and the worn surfaces were analyzed by employing SEM, XRD and XPS. It was found that both the self-mated rubbing pairs consisting
of the Cr₃C₂-NiCr coating and the Cr₃C₂-NiCr coating electroless plated with Ni displayed higher friction coefficient and wear coefficient.
However, The rubbing pair of the Cr₃C₂-NiCr coating electroless plated with Ni against the Cr₃C₂-NiCr coating had a friction
coefficient of 0.12 and a wear coefficient close to 10^-6mm³(Nm)^-1 even if under dry sliding. The improvement in tribological properties
could be attributed to that the wear mechanism of Cr₃C₂-NiCr coating transformed to particle fracturing along pores and microcracks from the
intensive spalling along splat interfaces.

A series of dry friction tests of metal/ceramic composite coatings and carbon steel coating against mild carbon
steel were carried out under room temperature using an SRV Friction and Wear Tester. The tribological behaviors of plasma sprayed CoCrMoSi+Al₂O₃ZrO₂,
CoCrMoSi+Fe₃O₄ and Cr1Mn1C1 carbon steel coatings were compared by means of SEM and Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy (SEAM). The
results show that microcutting, the propagation and coalescence of micro-cracks of the materials appear in the wear process, adhesion
wear still is the main mechnism of the metal/ceramic composite coatings.

Refined natural kaolinite was used as a starting material for preparing new lithium fast ion
conductors of Li_1+2x+yAl_xYb_yTi_2-x-ySi_xP_3-xO₁₂ system by high temperature (950～1150℃) solid phase reaction for about 20h. The syntheses temperatures are lowered with increasing the
value of x and y for the system. The X-ray powder diffraction shows that a Lisicon phase with R3c space group exists in the composition
range of y=0.3, x≤0.4 and y=0.5, x≤0.3. The initial composition with y=0.3, x=0.1 possesses a maximum ionic conductivity of 2.45×10^-2S/cm
at 673K and its activation energy is 38.3kJ/mol in the temperature range of 473～673K.

The grain growth is effected by the orientation of grains in polycrystalline materials. Based on the
Monte-Carlo method and Potts algorithm, the quick Q-state Potts algorithm was presented. The computer simulation of temporal microstrutural
evolution of grain growth in polycrystalline materials and statistical analysis were carried out. The numerical treatment is more simple compared
with the previous models. The simulating growth exponent is about 1/3. The temporal microstructural evolution of normal grain growth accords
with the growth kinetics.

The influence of vibration on Bridgman growth of Li₂B₄O₇ crystal was studied in this paper. The fluid flow equations considering vibration effect
were analyzed, and the result bolained shows that the fluid flow pattern induced by the vibrational motion is related to the radius of the crucible, the height of
liquid and time of vibration. Appropriate vibration frequence, radius of the crucible and height of the liquid were chosen through simulation. They were also
applied in the practical Li₂B₄O7 single crystal growth. The quality of the crystal grown under appropriate vibration is better than that without vibration.

The carbonaceous alcosol and the silica alcosol were prepared respectively by using aqua-mesophase and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as starting materials.
Then the two alcosols were mixed and dried in open air and under supercritical fluid conditions to form binary carbonaceous-silica xerogel powders and
aerogel powders respectively. The morphology, structure and composition of binary xerogel powders and aerogel powders were characterized by FT-IR,
TEM, XRD and nitrogen adsorption. The results show that the binary xerogel powders are composed of almost spherical, agglomerated and amorphous binary
carbonaceous-silica particles. The particle sizes of binary xerogel are about 80-220nm. The binary aerogel powders, which show loose appearance structure
and good fluidity, consist of spherical, well-disposed and amorphous binary carbonaceous-silica particles. The particle sizes of the binary aerogel are over the range of 10-60nm.

Using a Ti:sapphire laser as the pumping source in the CW mode, the self-Q-switched laser in the co-doped Cr⁴⁺,Nd³⁺:YAG microchip
with 1mm thickness was demonstrated. The output Q-switched traces are very stable, the threshold pumping power is as low as 30 mW, the pulse duration is as short as 100 ns. And the pulse
width keeps constant and pulse repetition rate is varied with the variation of the pumping power. The slope efficiency is varied with the
transmission of output coupler at 1064nm, and the slope efficiency is as high as 20% for 5% transmission of output coupler at 1064nm. This
can lead to develop the diode laser pumped monolithic self-Q-switched solid-state microchip lasers.

The Transparent and semi-transparent mixed inclusion is sometime found in the rutile single crystal grown by flame fusion methods. Moreover, parallel
stripes are shown in the inclusion. By means of XRD and SEM, (110) face of crystal with inclusion was investigated. It is shown that inclusion is
polycrystal, which consists of (110) orientated small crystal grains, some of them are affected by tension stress, the others by pressure stress.
On the other hand, parallel stripes in inclusion are layer-dislocation lines or crystal boundaries, which orientate [001], they are formed from cleavage along (110) face
due to thermal stress.

PbTiO₃-SiO₂-B₂O₃ glass-ceramics were prepared by the sol-gel process. DTA and Xray diffraction analysis show that the crystallization temperature of PbTiO₃ glass-ceramics is higher than that of PbTiO₃ ceramics. As the glass content increasing, their pyroelectric coefficients are increased, and the pyroelectric coefficients are increased with the increase of sintering temperatures. The temperature dependence of the dielectric constant of PbTiO₃ ceramics and PbTiO₃ glassceramics is different obviously.

The strengthening of lithium mica-containing glass-ceramics by a sol-gel coating, in order to improve its mechanical properties, was studied by using XRD, SEM and mechanical test. The results show that the applied coating increases the bending stress of uncoated lithium mica-cotaining glass-ceramics about 8% to 48%. The mechanism of strengthening dominantly ascribes to infiltrating the sol into microporous lithium mica-containing glass-ceramics ,filling in the micropores and healing up the microcracks.

The nanocrystalline TiO₂ ultrafine powders in anatase phase were prepared in 16nm, 26nm
by means of a sol-gel method. The particle sizes and the crystallographic phase were determined. Heat capacities in the temperature range of
78～370K were also measured, and the polynomial equations expressing the change of heat capacity with temperature were fitted. The obtained
values of the heat capacity were compared with those of the coarse crystal from the literature. The relationship between heat capacities and the
particle sizes of nanocrystalline TiO₂ were demonstrated in the view of energetics.

Dense Si₂N₂O ceramics were pressurelessly signered from β-Si3N4 and SiO₂ powders with 4wt% MgAl₂O₄ additive. Microstructures of this material consisted of rod-like Si₂N₂O grains and a little amount of β-Si₃N₄. The effect of sintering temperatures on the microstructures was studied. Crack deflection profile suggested transgranular fracture of the material.

Polycrystalline Al₂O₃-YAG composites were obtained by using the coprecipitation method. After calcining at different temperatures, the crystallization
of YAG was found at about 1000℃. Dense bodies could be got by hot-pressing at 1550℃. Bending strength and fracture toughness of Al₂O₃-5vol%YAG
and Al₂O₃-25vol%YAG composites were 604 MPa and 5.0MPa·m^1/2, 611MPa and 4.5MPa·m^1/2 respectively. It indicated that the incorporation of
YAG improved the mechanical property of Al₂O₃ ceramics. Through TEM observation, large YAG particles (about 1mm) located on the grain boundaries of Al₂O₃ were seen, and some small YAG particles (100-200nm)
was among Al₂O₃ grains in both composites. A lot of white areas were found in Al₂O₃-5vol% YAG composite, which maybe result from the low concentration of yttrium.

The microstructure of TiC-Al₂O₃-Fe composites prepared by SHS/PHIP was studied. As the Fe content was increased, the particle size of TiC decreased, and the distribution of Al₂O₃ became homogeneous. There existed a little of particle phase in TiC grains. While some of ε- (AlTi)Fe₃C_x cellular phase with -AlFe₃C_0.69 structure was found in Fe-binder phase. A great deal of dislocation were observed in TiC grains because of the rapid pressing in the process of SHS/PHIP.

The Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ system was chosen to be fabricated by microwave sintering. The principal
processes affecting the sintering rate were analysed on account of the properties of ZTA ceramics. The TE444 multi-mode
microwave system was designed and a hybrid heating system was developed with well arranged aided heaters. The ZrO₂ content
in ZTA samples affected the microwave sintering rate, which showed the probability for the low-loss materials to be
sintered by microwave process mixed with high-loss materials to raise their sintering rate. The increase of the inlet
power made the temperature raise rapidly. The aging phenomena of the aided heaters lowered the sintering rate and the thermal runaway should be avoided
to advance the sample properties.

A new kind of non-noble metal anode-Ti/SnO₂+Sb₂O₃+MnO₂/PbO₂ was studied by means of SEM and XRD. The lifetime and kinetic parameters were determined in 1mol/L H₂SO₄. Fractal dimension of electrodes was also discussed. The anode is better than lead for treatment of coking waste water of containing phenol. The results show that conversion rate of phenol is 95.8% and economization on electrity is 33%.

Yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ, 8% mol Y₂O₃) membranes with expected composition were coated on porous alumina substrates by a dip-coating process
with YSZ sol, which was prepared by sonicated dispersing YSZ powder in ethanol. The YSZ powder was synthesized by co-precipitation from inorganic aqueous solutions
of ZrOCl₂·8H₂O and Y(NO₃)₃·6H₂O, followed by azeotropic distillation and sintered at 600℃ for 2h. Crystalline structure of the
YSZ powder was characterized by X-ray diffraction. Particle size of the sol was determined by laser scattering measurement. The mean pore diameter of an unsupported
YSZ membrane was about 6nm as investigated by nitrogen isothermal desorption measurement. Investigation with scanning electron microscopy and nitrogen permeation testing
showed that the membranes were crack-free.