基于电解液调控的钠金属负极界面改性及性能研究

doi:10.15541/jim20250448

无机材料学报

基于电解液调控的钠金属负极界面改性及性能研究

梁沁沁^1,2, 蒙莹¹, 李丹丹¹, 韩方源^1,2, 喻敏^1,2, 唐彬^1,2, 罗宗昌^1,2, 李建新^1,2

1.广西电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院,南宁 530023;
2.广西电力装备智能控制与运维重点实验室,南宁 530023

收稿日期:2025-11-03 修回日期:2026-02-16
作者简介:梁沁沁(1989-), 女, 博士, 高级工程师. E-mail: liang_qq.sy@gx.csg.cn

Interface Modification and Performance of Sodium Metal Anode Based on Electrolyte Regulation

LIANG Qinqin^1,2, MENG Ying¹, LI Dandan¹, HAN Fangyuan^1,2, YU Min^1,2, TANG Bin^1,2, LUO Zongchang^1,2, LI Jianxin^1,2

1. Guangxi Power Grid Electric Power Research Institute, Nanning 530023, China;
2. Guangxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Control and Operation of Electric Power Equipment, Guangxi Power Grid Co., LTD. Electric Power Research Institute,Nanning 530023, China

Received:2025-11-03 Revised:2026-02-16
About author:LIANG Qinqin (1989-), female, PhD, senior engineer. E-mail: liang_qq.sy@gx.csg.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 钠金属具有资源丰富、理论比容量高和氧化还原电位低等优势,是锂金属负极的理想替代材料。然而,钠金属负极在实际应用中面临枝晶生长和界面不稳定的严峻挑战。针对传统碳酸酯电解液存在溶剂化能垒高、界面动力学迟缓及枝晶易生成等问题,本研究提出了一种“强弱溶剂”协同调控策略,通过在强极性碳酸酯溶剂中引入弱溶剂化能力的环醚类溶剂1,3-二氧戊环(DOL),并结合PF₆^-阴离子的调控作用,构建了稳定的钠金属负极界面。研究结果表明,DOL的结合能低,显著降低了Na⁺的界面传输能垒,使电解液电导率提高至9.31 mS·cm^-1,并有效抑制了枝晶的生长。在NaPF₆电解液体系中,PF₆^-因具有集中的LUMO能级(-0.639 eV),优先分解形成富含无机物的SEI层,表现出优异的界面稳定性和循环性能。改性电解液在保持碳酸酯体系宽电化学窗口(约4.21 V)的同时,显著降低了Na∥Na对称电池的极化电压。基于Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃||Na结构的全电池在2C (1C=120 mA·g^-1)倍率下循环1600次后,容量保持率高达92.1%。本研究通过协同调控溶剂化结构与阴离子化学,为发展高稳定性钠金属负极提供了新思路。

关键词: 钠金属负极, 环醚, 溶剂化结构, 协同调控

Abstract: Sodium metal is an ideal alternative to lithium metal anodes due to its abundant resources, high theoretical specific capacity, and low redox potential. However, the practical application of sodium metal anodes is still hindered by severe challenges such as dendrite growth and interfacial instability. To address the issues of high solvation energy barriers, sluggish interfacial kinetics, and facile dendrite formation in traditional carbonate-based electrolytes, this study proposes a "strong-weak solvent synergy" strategy. By introducing a weakly solvating cyclic ether solvent, 1,3-dioxolane (DOL), into strongly polar carbonate solvents, combined with the regulatory effect of PF₆^- anions, a stable sodium metal anode interface was constructed. The results show that the low binding energy of DOL significantly reduces the interfacial transport barrier of Na⁺, increasing the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte to 9.31 mS·cm^-1 and effectively suppressing dendrite growth. In the NaPF₆-based electrolyte system, PF₆^- anions, with concentrated LUMO energy level of -0.639 eV, preferentially decompose to form an inorganic-rich SEI layer, exhibiting excellent interfacial stability and cycling performance. The modified electrolyte maintains a wide electrochemical window (~4.21 V) inherent to the carbonate system while significantly reducing the polarization voltage in Na∥Na symmetric cells. A full cell with the Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃||Na configuration demonstrates a high capacity retention of 92.1% after 1600 cycles at 2C rate (1C=120 mA·g^-1). This study provides new insights into achieving highly stable sodium metal anodes through synergistic regulation of the solvation structure and anion chemistry.

Key words: sodium metal anode, cyclic ether, solvation structure, synergistic regulation

中图分类号:

TM912

梁沁沁, 蒙莹, 李丹丹, 韩方源, 喻敏, 唐彬, 罗宗昌, 李建新. 基于电解液调控的钠金属负极界面改性及性能研究[J]. 无机材料学报, DOI: 10.15541/jim20250448.

LIANG Qinqin, MENG Ying, LI Dandan, HAN Fangyuan, YU Min, TANG Bin, LUO Zongchang, LI Jianxin. Interface Modification and Performance of Sodium Metal Anode Based on Electrolyte Regulation[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, DOI: 10.15541/jim20250448.

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