Bi substituted YIG ceramics isolator for optical communication
1
2019
... Recently, ultrahigh speed and large capacity information transmission system achieved much more attention with the development of the 5th generation communication techniques[1]. In practical application process, the optical data signal is inevitably distorted due to optical interference and filtering effects[2]. Therefore, the optical isolators[3] are needed to achieve unidirectional transport by preventing the reflected light into the laser sources[4]. Magneto-optic materials is the key material of this kind of nonreciprocal devices[5⇓⇓-8]. Among many magneto- optical materials, yttrium iron ferrimagnetic garnet crystals (Y3Fe5O12, abbreviated as YIG) are important representative with suitable magnetic and electrical properties[9-10], that have been widely used as the key components in microwave communications and magneto-optical field due to their huge Faraday rotation angle[11] and excellent light transmission function in near and mid-infrared wavelength region[12⇓-14]. ...
Scalable WDM phase regeneration in a single phase-sensitive amplifier through optical time lenses
1
2018
... Recently, ultrahigh speed and large capacity information transmission system achieved much more attention with the development of the 5th generation communication techniques[1]. In practical application process, the optical data signal is inevitably distorted due to optical interference and filtering effects[2]. Therefore, the optical isolators[3] are needed to achieve unidirectional transport by preventing the reflected light into the laser sources[4]. Magneto-optic materials is the key material of this kind of nonreciprocal devices[5⇓⇓-8]. Among many magneto- optical materials, yttrium iron ferrimagnetic garnet crystals (Y3Fe5O12, abbreviated as YIG) are important representative with suitable magnetic and electrical properties[9-10], that have been widely used as the key components in microwave communications and magneto-optical field due to their huge Faraday rotation angle[11] and excellent light transmission function in near and mid-infrared wavelength region[12⇓-14]. ...
Giant faraday rotation in metal-fluoride nanogranular films
1
2018
... Recently, ultrahigh speed and large capacity information transmission system achieved much more attention with the development of the 5th generation communication techniques[1]. In practical application process, the optical data signal is inevitably distorted due to optical interference and filtering effects[2]. Therefore, the optical isolators[3] are needed to achieve unidirectional transport by preventing the reflected light into the laser sources[4]. Magneto-optic materials is the key material of this kind of nonreciprocal devices[5⇓⇓-8]. Among many magneto- optical materials, yttrium iron ferrimagnetic garnet crystals (Y3Fe5O12, abbreviated as YIG) are important representative with suitable magnetic and electrical properties[9-10], that have been widely used as the key components in microwave communications and magneto-optical field due to their huge Faraday rotation angle[11] and excellent light transmission function in near and mid-infrared wavelength region[12⇓-14]. ...
All-optical nonreciprocity due to valley polarization pumping in transition metal dichalcogenides
1
2021
... Recently, ultrahigh speed and large capacity information transmission system achieved much more attention with the development of the 5th generation communication techniques[1]. In practical application process, the optical data signal is inevitably distorted due to optical interference and filtering effects[2]. Therefore, the optical isolators[3] are needed to achieve unidirectional transport by preventing the reflected light into the laser sources[4]. Magneto-optic materials is the key material of this kind of nonreciprocal devices[5⇓⇓-8]. Among many magneto- optical materials, yttrium iron ferrimagnetic garnet crystals (Y3Fe5O12, abbreviated as YIG) are important representative with suitable magnetic and electrical properties[9-10], that have been widely used as the key components in microwave communications and magneto-optical field due to their huge Faraday rotation angle[11] and excellent light transmission function in near and mid-infrared wavelength region[12⇓-14]. ...
Enhanced magneto-optic properties in sputtered Bi-containing ferrite garnet thin films fabricated using oxygen plasma treatment and metal oxide protective layers
1
2020
... Recently, ultrahigh speed and large capacity information transmission system achieved much more attention with the development of the 5th generation communication techniques[1]. In practical application process, the optical data signal is inevitably distorted due to optical interference and filtering effects[2]. Therefore, the optical isolators[3] are needed to achieve unidirectional transport by preventing the reflected light into the laser sources[4]. Magneto-optic materials is the key material of this kind of nonreciprocal devices[5⇓⇓-8]. Among many magneto- optical materials, yttrium iron ferrimagnetic garnet crystals (Y3Fe5O12, abbreviated as YIG) are important representative with suitable magnetic and electrical properties[9-10], that have been widely used as the key components in microwave communications and magneto-optical field due to their huge Faraday rotation angle[11] and excellent light transmission function in near and mid-infrared wavelength region[12⇓-14]. ...
Growth of high quality Si-based (Gd2Ce) (Fe4Ga)O12 thin film and prospects as a magnetic recording media
1
2021
... Recently, ultrahigh speed and large capacity information transmission system achieved much more attention with the development of the 5th generation communication techniques[1]. In practical application process, the optical data signal is inevitably distorted due to optical interference and filtering effects[2]. Therefore, the optical isolators[3] are needed to achieve unidirectional transport by preventing the reflected light into the laser sources[4]. Magneto-optic materials is the key material of this kind of nonreciprocal devices[5⇓⇓-8]. Among many magneto- optical materials, yttrium iron ferrimagnetic garnet crystals (Y3Fe5O12, abbreviated as YIG) are important representative with suitable magnetic and electrical properties[9-10], that have been widely used as the key components in microwave communications and magneto-optical field due to their huge Faraday rotation angle[11] and excellent light transmission function in near and mid-infrared wavelength region[12⇓-14]. ...
Computer aided design of magnetooptic properties for Bi-YIG film materials
1
1998
... Recently, ultrahigh speed and large capacity information transmission system achieved much more attention with the development of the 5th generation communication techniques[1]. In practical application process, the optical data signal is inevitably distorted due to optical interference and filtering effects[2]. Therefore, the optical isolators[3] are needed to achieve unidirectional transport by preventing the reflected light into the laser sources[4]. Magneto-optic materials is the key material of this kind of nonreciprocal devices[5⇓⇓-8]. Among many magneto- optical materials, yttrium iron ferrimagnetic garnet crystals (Y3Fe5O12, abbreviated as YIG) are important representative with suitable magnetic and electrical properties[9-10], that have been widely used as the key components in microwave communications and magneto-optical field due to their huge Faraday rotation angle[11] and excellent light transmission function in near and mid-infrared wavelength region[12⇓-14]. ...
Microstructure and properties of Bi-doped yttrium iron garnet magneto-optical ceramics prepared by hot-pressing sintering process
1
2022
... Recently, ultrahigh speed and large capacity information transmission system achieved much more attention with the development of the 5th generation communication techniques[1]. In practical application process, the optical data signal is inevitably distorted due to optical interference and filtering effects[2]. Therefore, the optical isolators[3] are needed to achieve unidirectional transport by preventing the reflected light into the laser sources[4]. Magneto-optic materials is the key material of this kind of nonreciprocal devices[5⇓⇓-8]. Among many magneto- optical materials, yttrium iron ferrimagnetic garnet crystals (Y3Fe5O12, abbreviated as YIG) are important representative with suitable magnetic and electrical properties[9-10], that have been widely used as the key components in microwave communications and magneto-optical field due to their huge Faraday rotation angle[11] and excellent light transmission function in near and mid-infrared wavelength region[12⇓-14]. ...
Properties of ferrite garnet (Bi, Lu, Y)3(Fe, Ga)5O12 thin film materials prepared by RF magnetron sputtering
1
2018
... Recently, ultrahigh speed and large capacity information transmission system achieved much more attention with the development of the 5th generation communication techniques[1]. In practical application process, the optical data signal is inevitably distorted due to optical interference and filtering effects[2]. Therefore, the optical isolators[3] are needed to achieve unidirectional transport by preventing the reflected light into the laser sources[4]. Magneto-optic materials is the key material of this kind of nonreciprocal devices[5⇓⇓-8]. Among many magneto- optical materials, yttrium iron ferrimagnetic garnet crystals (Y3Fe5O12, abbreviated as YIG) are important representative with suitable magnetic and electrical properties[9-10], that have been widely used as the key components in microwave communications and magneto-optical field due to their huge Faraday rotation angle[11] and excellent light transmission function in near and mid-infrared wavelength region[12⇓-14]. ...
Yttrium ferrites with enhanced dielectric properties
1
2018
... Recently, ultrahigh speed and large capacity information transmission system achieved much more attention with the development of the 5th generation communication techniques[1]. In practical application process, the optical data signal is inevitably distorted due to optical interference and filtering effects[2]. Therefore, the optical isolators[3] are needed to achieve unidirectional transport by preventing the reflected light into the laser sources[4]. Magneto-optic materials is the key material of this kind of nonreciprocal devices[5⇓⇓-8]. Among many magneto- optical materials, yttrium iron ferrimagnetic garnet crystals (Y3Fe5O12, abbreviated as YIG) are important representative with suitable magnetic and electrical properties[9-10], that have been widely used as the key components in microwave communications and magneto-optical field due to their huge Faraday rotation angle[11] and excellent light transmission function in near and mid-infrared wavelength region[12⇓-14]. ...
Strong magneto-optical enhancement in highly Ce-substituted iron garnet films prepared by sputtering
1
1991
... Recently, ultrahigh speed and large capacity information transmission system achieved much more attention with the development of the 5th generation communication techniques[1]. In practical application process, the optical data signal is inevitably distorted due to optical interference and filtering effects[2]. Therefore, the optical isolators[3] are needed to achieve unidirectional transport by preventing the reflected light into the laser sources[4]. Magneto-optic materials is the key material of this kind of nonreciprocal devices[5⇓⇓-8]. Among many magneto- optical materials, yttrium iron ferrimagnetic garnet crystals (Y3Fe5O12, abbreviated as YIG) are important representative with suitable magnetic and electrical properties[9-10], that have been widely used as the key components in microwave communications and magneto-optical field due to their huge Faraday rotation angle[11] and excellent light transmission function in near and mid-infrared wavelength region[12⇓-14]. ...
Breaking through the "3.0 eV wall" of energy band gap in mid-infrared nonlinear optical rare earth chalcogenides by charge-transfer engineering
1
2021
... Recently, ultrahigh speed and large capacity information transmission system achieved much more attention with the development of the 5th generation communication techniques[1]. In practical application process, the optical data signal is inevitably distorted due to optical interference and filtering effects[2]. Therefore, the optical isolators[3] are needed to achieve unidirectional transport by preventing the reflected light into the laser sources[4]. Magneto-optic materials is the key material of this kind of nonreciprocal devices[5⇓⇓-8]. Among many magneto- optical materials, yttrium iron ferrimagnetic garnet crystals (Y3Fe5O12, abbreviated as YIG) are important representative with suitable magnetic and electrical properties[9-10], that have been widely used as the key components in microwave communications and magneto-optical field due to their huge Faraday rotation angle[11] and excellent light transmission function in near and mid-infrared wavelength region[12⇓-14]. ...
Temperature dependence of the Faraday effect in Rh4+-substituted magnetic garnets
1
1998
... Recently, ultrahigh speed and large capacity information transmission system achieved much more attention with the development of the 5th generation communication techniques[1]. In practical application process, the optical data signal is inevitably distorted due to optical interference and filtering effects[2]. Therefore, the optical isolators[3] are needed to achieve unidirectional transport by preventing the reflected light into the laser sources[4]. Magneto-optic materials is the key material of this kind of nonreciprocal devices[5⇓⇓-8]. Among many magneto- optical materials, yttrium iron ferrimagnetic garnet crystals (Y3Fe5O12, abbreviated as YIG) are important representative with suitable magnetic and electrical properties[9-10], that have been widely used as the key components in microwave communications and magneto-optical field due to their huge Faraday rotation angle[11] and excellent light transmission function in near and mid-infrared wavelength region[12⇓-14]. ...
Magneto- optical properties of cerium-substituted yttrium iron garnet single crystals grown by traveling solvent floating zone method
2
1999
... Recently, ultrahigh speed and large capacity information transmission system achieved much more attention with the development of the 5th generation communication techniques[1]. In practical application process, the optical data signal is inevitably distorted due to optical interference and filtering effects[2]. Therefore, the optical isolators[3] are needed to achieve unidirectional transport by preventing the reflected light into the laser sources[4]. Magneto-optic materials is the key material of this kind of nonreciprocal devices[5⇓⇓-8]. Among many magneto- optical materials, yttrium iron ferrimagnetic garnet crystals (Y3Fe5O12, abbreviated as YIG) are important representative with suitable magnetic and electrical properties[9-10], that have been widely used as the key components in microwave communications and magneto-optical field due to their huge Faraday rotation angle[11] and excellent light transmission function in near and mid-infrared wavelength region[12⇓-14]. ...
... So far, the commercial magneto-optic materials are mainly Bi and rare-earth doped YIG single crystal thin films, which is deposited on Gd3Ga5O12 (GGG) substrate from the lead-based flux using a liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) technique[15-16] or pulsed laser deposition[17-18]. The films may contain some divalent and tetravalent Pb impurities that further affect the magnetic properties[19]. Moreover, the LPE method requires expensive GGG crystal substrates, and the maximum thickness of the film is only about 1 mm. YIG single crystal can also be grown by Floating Zone method[20] with the size up to 8 mm in diameter and 50 mm in length[14]. The fiber crystal has the advantages of good crystallinity and fast growth rate[21]. However, this growth technique is inappropriate for large-scale production due to high cost and low uniformity[22]. In this sense, it is of great significance to find a suitable method that can grow large size YIG crystal and realize large-scale productivity[23]. ...
Strain-tunable magnetocrystalline anisotropy in epitaxial Y3Fe5O12 thin films
1
2014
... So far, the commercial magneto-optic materials are mainly Bi and rare-earth doped YIG single crystal thin films, which is deposited on Gd3Ga5O12 (GGG) substrate from the lead-based flux using a liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) technique[15-16] or pulsed laser deposition[17-18]. The films may contain some divalent and tetravalent Pb impurities that further affect the magnetic properties[19]. Moreover, the LPE method requires expensive GGG crystal substrates, and the maximum thickness of the film is only about 1 mm. YIG single crystal can also be grown by Floating Zone method[20] with the size up to 8 mm in diameter and 50 mm in length[14]. The fiber crystal has the advantages of good crystallinity and fast growth rate[21]. However, this growth technique is inappropriate for large-scale production due to high cost and low uniformity[22]. In this sense, it is of great significance to find a suitable method that can grow large size YIG crystal and realize large-scale productivity[23]. ...
Epitaxial growth of Y3Fe5O12 thin films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy
1
2017
... So far, the commercial magneto-optic materials are mainly Bi and rare-earth doped YIG single crystal thin films, which is deposited on Gd3Ga5O12 (GGG) substrate from the lead-based flux using a liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) technique[15-16] or pulsed laser deposition[17-18]. The films may contain some divalent and tetravalent Pb impurities that further affect the magnetic properties[19]. Moreover, the LPE method requires expensive GGG crystal substrates, and the maximum thickness of the film is only about 1 mm. YIG single crystal can also be grown by Floating Zone method[20] with the size up to 8 mm in diameter and 50 mm in length[14]. The fiber crystal has the advantages of good crystallinity and fast growth rate[21]. However, this growth technique is inappropriate for large-scale production due to high cost and low uniformity[22]. In this sense, it is of great significance to find a suitable method that can grow large size YIG crystal and realize large-scale productivity[23]. ...
Effect of strain-induced anisotropy on magnetization dynamics in Y3Fe5O12 films recrystallized on a lattice-mismatched substrate
1
2021
... So far, the commercial magneto-optic materials are mainly Bi and rare-earth doped YIG single crystal thin films, which is deposited on Gd3Ga5O12 (GGG) substrate from the lead-based flux using a liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) technique[15-16] or pulsed laser deposition[17-18]. The films may contain some divalent and tetravalent Pb impurities that further affect the magnetic properties[19]. Moreover, the LPE method requires expensive GGG crystal substrates, and the maximum thickness of the film is only about 1 mm. YIG single crystal can also be grown by Floating Zone method[20] with the size up to 8 mm in diameter and 50 mm in length[14]. The fiber crystal has the advantages of good crystallinity and fast growth rate[21]. However, this growth technique is inappropriate for large-scale production due to high cost and low uniformity[22]. In this sense, it is of great significance to find a suitable method that can grow large size YIG crystal and realize large-scale productivity[23]. ...
Enhanced magneto- optical effect in Y1.5Ce1.5Fe5O12 thin films deposited on silicon by pulsed laser deposition
1
2017
... So far, the commercial magneto-optic materials are mainly Bi and rare-earth doped YIG single crystal thin films, which is deposited on Gd3Ga5O12 (GGG) substrate from the lead-based flux using a liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) technique[15-16] or pulsed laser deposition[17-18]. The films may contain some divalent and tetravalent Pb impurities that further affect the magnetic properties[19]. Moreover, the LPE method requires expensive GGG crystal substrates, and the maximum thickness of the film is only about 1 mm. YIG single crystal can also be grown by Floating Zone method[20] with the size up to 8 mm in diameter and 50 mm in length[14]. The fiber crystal has the advantages of good crystallinity and fast growth rate[21]. However, this growth technique is inappropriate for large-scale production due to high cost and low uniformity[22]. In this sense, it is of great significance to find a suitable method that can grow large size YIG crystal and realize large-scale productivity[23]. ...
Growth and characterization of high purity epitaxial yttrium iron garnet films grown from BaO-B2O3-BaF2 flux
3
2003
... So far, the commercial magneto-optic materials are mainly Bi and rare-earth doped YIG single crystal thin films, which is deposited on Gd3Ga5O12 (GGG) substrate from the lead-based flux using a liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) technique[15-16] or pulsed laser deposition[17-18]. The films may contain some divalent and tetravalent Pb impurities that further affect the magnetic properties[19]. Moreover, the LPE method requires expensive GGG crystal substrates, and the maximum thickness of the film is only about 1 mm. YIG single crystal can also be grown by Floating Zone method[20] with the size up to 8 mm in diameter and 50 mm in length[14]. The fiber crystal has the advantages of good crystallinity and fast growth rate[21]. However, this growth technique is inappropriate for large-scale production due to high cost and low uniformity[22]. In this sense, it is of great significance to find a suitable method that can grow large size YIG crystal and realize large-scale productivity[23]. ...
... Top seeded solution growth (TSSG) technique has strong applicability for refractory, volatile and inconsistent melting system[24]. It has numerous advantages: (1) the growth process can be monitored in real time; (2) the seed growth reduces the nucleation and benefit to obtain large size crystal; (3) the crystal has high uniformity[25]. Since 1958, Nielsen has begun to grow YIG single crystals from lead flux by molten salt method[26]. In the following decades, lead-based flux was the main flux due to their low melting point and high fluidity, such as PbO-PbF2[27], PbF2-B2O3[28], PbO-PbF2-B2O3[29]. However, the crystal grown from the Pb-based flux contains some undesired impurities and intrinsic defects, which severely affect the microwave and magneto-optic properties[19]. Based on this, the lead-free flux began to attract the attention of researchers, such as BaO-B2O3[30], Na2O-B2O3[31], BaO-BaF2-B2O3[32]. In recent years, both the size and quality of YIG crystals have been improved gradually with the advent of the accelerated crucible rotation technique[33] and modified seeding procedure[34]. However, the preparation of large size and high quality YIG single crystal remains a huge and longstanding challenge. ...
... The YIG crystals were grown by TSSG technique with B2O3-BaF2 fluxes. Compared with lead-based flux, this lead-free flux has numerous advantages of nontoxicity, high solubility, low solvent incorporation and non-corrosion for platinum crucible[19]. The high purity starting chemicals (99.99%) of Y2O3, Fe2O3 and flux were weighed according to the stoichiometric composition of Y3Fe5O12, and the optimal molar ratio of solute/flux. The weighed raw materials were thoroughly mixed in tumbling mixer and loaded into platinum crucible, then heated above the saturation temperature to 1200 ℃ for 48 h to ensure homogenization. A columnar [110]-orientated YIG crystal was used to determine the saturation temperature by repeated seeding trials and then grown at a rate of 0.2-0.5 ℃/h. After the growth process, the grown crystal was cooled down to room temperature at a rate of 30 ℃/h. Fig. 1 shows that the as-grown YIG crystals covered with the natural growth faces of (110) and (211) planes, which is mainly because the above-mentioned planes contain two and one easy directions of magnetization, respectively. After exploration and optimization of the growth process conditions, the size and weight of the single crystals were gradually increased, and the maximun size and weight of the as-grown YIG crystal can up to 43 mm×45 mm×11 mm and 60 g, respectively. ...
Magnetooptical properties of cerium-substituted yttrium iron garnet single crystals for magnetic-field sensor
1
2003
... So far, the commercial magneto-optic materials are mainly Bi and rare-earth doped YIG single crystal thin films, which is deposited on Gd3Ga5O12 (GGG) substrate from the lead-based flux using a liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) technique[15-16] or pulsed laser deposition[17-18]. The films may contain some divalent and tetravalent Pb impurities that further affect the magnetic properties[19]. Moreover, the LPE method requires expensive GGG crystal substrates, and the maximum thickness of the film is only about 1 mm. YIG single crystal can also be grown by Floating Zone method[20] with the size up to 8 mm in diameter and 50 mm in length[14]. The fiber crystal has the advantages of good crystallinity and fast growth rate[21]. However, this growth technique is inappropriate for large-scale production due to high cost and low uniformity[22]. In this sense, it is of great significance to find a suitable method that can grow large size YIG crystal and realize large-scale productivity[23]. ...
Growth of fibrous YIG single crystals by the self-adjusting solvent FZ method
1
1998
... So far, the commercial magneto-optic materials are mainly Bi and rare-earth doped YIG single crystal thin films, which is deposited on Gd3Ga5O12 (GGG) substrate from the lead-based flux using a liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) technique[15-16] or pulsed laser deposition[17-18]. The films may contain some divalent and tetravalent Pb impurities that further affect the magnetic properties[19]. Moreover, the LPE method requires expensive GGG crystal substrates, and the maximum thickness of the film is only about 1 mm. YIG single crystal can also be grown by Floating Zone method[20] with the size up to 8 mm in diameter and 50 mm in length[14]. The fiber crystal has the advantages of good crystallinity and fast growth rate[21]. However, this growth technique is inappropriate for large-scale production due to high cost and low uniformity[22]. In this sense, it is of great significance to find a suitable method that can grow large size YIG crystal and realize large-scale productivity[23]. ...
Optical isolators using Bi-substituted rare-earth iron garnet films
1
1990
... So far, the commercial magneto-optic materials are mainly Bi and rare-earth doped YIG single crystal thin films, which is deposited on Gd3Ga5O12 (GGG) substrate from the lead-based flux using a liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) technique[15-16] or pulsed laser deposition[17-18]. The films may contain some divalent and tetravalent Pb impurities that further affect the magnetic properties[19]. Moreover, the LPE method requires expensive GGG crystal substrates, and the maximum thickness of the film is only about 1 mm. YIG single crystal can also be grown by Floating Zone method[20] with the size up to 8 mm in diameter and 50 mm in length[14]. The fiber crystal has the advantages of good crystallinity and fast growth rate[21]. However, this growth technique is inappropriate for large-scale production due to high cost and low uniformity[22]. In this sense, it is of great significance to find a suitable method that can grow large size YIG crystal and realize large-scale productivity[23]. ...
Giant Faraday rotation in heavily Ce-doped YIG bulk ceramics
1
2020
... So far, the commercial magneto-optic materials are mainly Bi and rare-earth doped YIG single crystal thin films, which is deposited on Gd3Ga5O12 (GGG) substrate from the lead-based flux using a liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) technique[15-16] or pulsed laser deposition[17-18]. The films may contain some divalent and tetravalent Pb impurities that further affect the magnetic properties[19]. Moreover, the LPE method requires expensive GGG crystal substrates, and the maximum thickness of the film is only about 1 mm. YIG single crystal can also be grown by Floating Zone method[20] with the size up to 8 mm in diameter and 50 mm in length[14]. The fiber crystal has the advantages of good crystallinity and fast growth rate[21]. However, this growth technique is inappropriate for large-scale production due to high cost and low uniformity[22]. In this sense, it is of great significance to find a suitable method that can grow large size YIG crystal and realize large-scale productivity[23]. ...
Recent advances in crystal growth in china: laser, nonlinear optical, and ferroelectric crystals
1
2010
... Top seeded solution growth (TSSG) technique has strong applicability for refractory, volatile and inconsistent melting system[24]. It has numerous advantages: (1) the growth process can be monitored in real time; (2) the seed growth reduces the nucleation and benefit to obtain large size crystal; (3) the crystal has high uniformity[25]. Since 1958, Nielsen has begun to grow YIG single crystals from lead flux by molten salt method[26]. In the following decades, lead-based flux was the main flux due to their low melting point and high fluidity, such as PbO-PbF2[27], PbF2-B2O3[28], PbO-PbF2-B2O3[29]. However, the crystal grown from the Pb-based flux contains some undesired impurities and intrinsic defects, which severely affect the microwave and magneto-optic properties[19]. Based on this, the lead-free flux began to attract the attention of researchers, such as BaO-B2O3[30], Na2O-B2O3[31], BaO-BaF2-B2O3[32]. In recent years, both the size and quality of YIG crystals have been improved gradually with the advent of the accelerated crucible rotation technique[33] and modified seeding procedure[34]. However, the preparation of large size and high quality YIG single crystal remains a huge and longstanding challenge. ...
Relaxor-based ferroelectric single crystals grown by top-seeded solution growth method
1
2017
... Top seeded solution growth (TSSG) technique has strong applicability for refractory, volatile and inconsistent melting system[24]. It has numerous advantages: (1) the growth process can be monitored in real time; (2) the seed growth reduces the nucleation and benefit to obtain large size crystal; (3) the crystal has high uniformity[25]. Since 1958, Nielsen has begun to grow YIG single crystals from lead flux by molten salt method[26]. In the following decades, lead-based flux was the main flux due to their low melting point and high fluidity, such as PbO-PbF2[27], PbF2-B2O3[28], PbO-PbF2-B2O3[29]. However, the crystal grown from the Pb-based flux contains some undesired impurities and intrinsic defects, which severely affect the microwave and magneto-optic properties[19]. Based on this, the lead-free flux began to attract the attention of researchers, such as BaO-B2O3[30], Na2O-B2O3[31], BaO-BaF2-B2O3[32]. In recent years, both the size and quality of YIG crystals have been improved gradually with the advent of the accelerated crucible rotation technique[33] and modified seeding procedure[34]. However, the preparation of large size and high quality YIG single crystal remains a huge and longstanding challenge. ...
Growth of magnetic garnet crystals
1
1958
... Top seeded solution growth (TSSG) technique has strong applicability for refractory, volatile and inconsistent melting system[24]. It has numerous advantages: (1) the growth process can be monitored in real time; (2) the seed growth reduces the nucleation and benefit to obtain large size crystal; (3) the crystal has high uniformity[25]. Since 1958, Nielsen has begun to grow YIG single crystals from lead flux by molten salt method[26]. In the following decades, lead-based flux was the main flux due to their low melting point and high fluidity, such as PbO-PbF2[27], PbF2-B2O3[28], PbO-PbF2-B2O3[29]. However, the crystal grown from the Pb-based flux contains some undesired impurities and intrinsic defects, which severely affect the microwave and magneto-optic properties[19]. Based on this, the lead-free flux began to attract the attention of researchers, such as BaO-B2O3[30], Na2O-B2O3[31], BaO-BaF2-B2O3[32]. In recent years, both the size and quality of YIG crystals have been improved gradually with the advent of the accelerated crucible rotation technique[33] and modified seeding procedure[34]. However, the preparation of large size and high quality YIG single crystal remains a huge and longstanding challenge. ...
Improved method for the growth of yttrium-iron and yttrium-gallium garnets
1
1960
... Top seeded solution growth (TSSG) technique has strong applicability for refractory, volatile and inconsistent melting system[24]. It has numerous advantages: (1) the growth process can be monitored in real time; (2) the seed growth reduces the nucleation and benefit to obtain large size crystal; (3) the crystal has high uniformity[25]. Since 1958, Nielsen has begun to grow YIG single crystals from lead flux by molten salt method[26]. In the following decades, lead-based flux was the main flux due to their low melting point and high fluidity, such as PbO-PbF2[27], PbF2-B2O3[28], PbO-PbF2-B2O3[29]. However, the crystal grown from the Pb-based flux contains some undesired impurities and intrinsic defects, which severely affect the microwave and magneto-optic properties[19]. Based on this, the lead-free flux began to attract the attention of researchers, such as BaO-B2O3[30], Na2O-B2O3[31], BaO-BaF2-B2O3[32]. In recent years, both the size and quality of YIG crystals have been improved gradually with the advent of the accelerated crucible rotation technique[33] and modified seeding procedure[34]. However, the preparation of large size and high quality YIG single crystal remains a huge and longstanding challenge. ...
Isothermal growth of bulk YIG crystals by PbF2-B2O3 flux evaporation
1
1981
... Top seeded solution growth (TSSG) technique has strong applicability for refractory, volatile and inconsistent melting system[24]. It has numerous advantages: (1) the growth process can be monitored in real time; (2) the seed growth reduces the nucleation and benefit to obtain large size crystal; (3) the crystal has high uniformity[25]. Since 1958, Nielsen has begun to grow YIG single crystals from lead flux by molten salt method[26]. In the following decades, lead-based flux was the main flux due to their low melting point and high fluidity, such as PbO-PbF2[27], PbF2-B2O3[28], PbO-PbF2-B2O3[29]. However, the crystal grown from the Pb-based flux contains some undesired impurities and intrinsic defects, which severely affect the microwave and magneto-optic properties[19]. Based on this, the lead-free flux began to attract the attention of researchers, such as BaO-B2O3[30], Na2O-B2O3[31], BaO-BaF2-B2O3[32]. In recent years, both the size and quality of YIG crystals have been improved gradually with the advent of the accelerated crucible rotation technique[33] and modified seeding procedure[34]. However, the preparation of large size and high quality YIG single crystal remains a huge and longstanding challenge. ...
Growth of magnetic garnet single crystals from high temperature solution
1
1977
... Top seeded solution growth (TSSG) technique has strong applicability for refractory, volatile and inconsistent melting system[24]. It has numerous advantages: (1) the growth process can be monitored in real time; (2) the seed growth reduces the nucleation and benefit to obtain large size crystal; (3) the crystal has high uniformity[25]. Since 1958, Nielsen has begun to grow YIG single crystals from lead flux by molten salt method[26]. In the following decades, lead-based flux was the main flux due to their low melting point and high fluidity, such as PbO-PbF2[27], PbF2-B2O3[28], PbO-PbF2-B2O3[29]. However, the crystal grown from the Pb-based flux contains some undesired impurities and intrinsic defects, which severely affect the microwave and magneto-optic properties[19]. Based on this, the lead-free flux began to attract the attention of researchers, such as BaO-B2O3[30], Na2O-B2O3[31], BaO-BaF2-B2O3[32]. In recent years, both the size and quality of YIG crystals have been improved gradually with the advent of the accelerated crucible rotation technique[33] and modified seeding procedure[34]. However, the preparation of large size and high quality YIG single crystal remains a huge and longstanding challenge. ...
Growth of yttrium-iron garnet from molten barium borate
1
1962
... Top seeded solution growth (TSSG) technique has strong applicability for refractory, volatile and inconsistent melting system[24]. It has numerous advantages: (1) the growth process can be monitored in real time; (2) the seed growth reduces the nucleation and benefit to obtain large size crystal; (3) the crystal has high uniformity[25]. Since 1958, Nielsen has begun to grow YIG single crystals from lead flux by molten salt method[26]. In the following decades, lead-based flux was the main flux due to their low melting point and high fluidity, such as PbO-PbF2[27], PbF2-B2O3[28], PbO-PbF2-B2O3[29]. However, the crystal grown from the Pb-based flux contains some undesired impurities and intrinsic defects, which severely affect the microwave and magneto-optic properties[19]. Based on this, the lead-free flux began to attract the attention of researchers, such as BaO-B2O3[30], Na2O-B2O3[31], BaO-BaF2-B2O3[32]. In recent years, both the size and quality of YIG crystals have been improved gradually with the advent of the accelerated crucible rotation technique[33] and modified seeding procedure[34]. However, the preparation of large size and high quality YIG single crystal remains a huge and longstanding challenge. ...
Growth of yttrium iron garnet single crystals in Na2O-B2O3 flux system in air
1
1977
... Top seeded solution growth (TSSG) technique has strong applicability for refractory, volatile and inconsistent melting system[24]. It has numerous advantages: (1) the growth process can be monitored in real time; (2) the seed growth reduces the nucleation and benefit to obtain large size crystal; (3) the crystal has high uniformity[25]. Since 1958, Nielsen has begun to grow YIG single crystals from lead flux by molten salt method[26]. In the following decades, lead-based flux was the main flux due to their low melting point and high fluidity, such as PbO-PbF2[27], PbF2-B2O3[28], PbO-PbF2-B2O3[29]. However, the crystal grown from the Pb-based flux contains some undesired impurities and intrinsic defects, which severely affect the microwave and magneto-optic properties[19]. Based on this, the lead-free flux began to attract the attention of researchers, such as BaO-B2O3[30], Na2O-B2O3[31], BaO-BaF2-B2O3[32]. In recent years, both the size and quality of YIG crystals have been improved gradually with the advent of the accelerated crucible rotation technique[33] and modified seeding procedure[34]. However, the preparation of large size and high quality YIG single crystal remains a huge and longstanding challenge. ...
Stability region and growth conditions of Al-and Ga-substituted Y3Fe5O12 single crystals in solvents from the BaO-B2O3-BaF2 system
1
1982
... Top seeded solution growth (TSSG) technique has strong applicability for refractory, volatile and inconsistent melting system[24]. It has numerous advantages: (1) the growth process can be monitored in real time; (2) the seed growth reduces the nucleation and benefit to obtain large size crystal; (3) the crystal has high uniformity[25]. Since 1958, Nielsen has begun to grow YIG single crystals from lead flux by molten salt method[26]. In the following decades, lead-based flux was the main flux due to their low melting point and high fluidity, such as PbO-PbF2[27], PbF2-B2O3[28], PbO-PbF2-B2O3[29]. However, the crystal grown from the Pb-based flux contains some undesired impurities and intrinsic defects, which severely affect the microwave and magneto-optic properties[19]. Based on this, the lead-free flux began to attract the attention of researchers, such as BaO-B2O3[30], Na2O-B2O3[31], BaO-BaF2-B2O3[32]. In recent years, both the size and quality of YIG crystals have been improved gradually with the advent of the accelerated crucible rotation technique[33] and modified seeding procedure[34]. However, the preparation of large size and high quality YIG single crystal remains a huge and longstanding challenge. ...
Study of ACRT influence on crystal growth in high-temperature solutions by the "high-resolution induced striation method"
1
1977
... Top seeded solution growth (TSSG) technique has strong applicability for refractory, volatile and inconsistent melting system[24]. It has numerous advantages: (1) the growth process can be monitored in real time; (2) the seed growth reduces the nucleation and benefit to obtain large size crystal; (3) the crystal has high uniformity[25]. Since 1958, Nielsen has begun to grow YIG single crystals from lead flux by molten salt method[26]. In the following decades, lead-based flux was the main flux due to their low melting point and high fluidity, such as PbO-PbF2[27], PbF2-B2O3[28], PbO-PbF2-B2O3[29]. However, the crystal grown from the Pb-based flux contains some undesired impurities and intrinsic defects, which severely affect the microwave and magneto-optic properties[19]. Based on this, the lead-free flux began to attract the attention of researchers, such as BaO-B2O3[30], Na2O-B2O3[31], BaO-BaF2-B2O3[32]. In recent years, both the size and quality of YIG crystals have been improved gradually with the advent of the accelerated crucible rotation technique[33] and modified seeding procedure[34]. However, the preparation of large size and high quality YIG single crystal remains a huge and longstanding challenge. ...
Effect of the hydrodynamics in high-temperature solutions on the quality of pure and substituted YIG single crystals grown by the TSSG method
1
1986
... Top seeded solution growth (TSSG) technique has strong applicability for refractory, volatile and inconsistent melting system[24]. It has numerous advantages: (1) the growth process can be monitored in real time; (2) the seed growth reduces the nucleation and benefit to obtain large size crystal; (3) the crystal has high uniformity[25]. Since 1958, Nielsen has begun to grow YIG single crystals from lead flux by molten salt method[26]. In the following decades, lead-based flux was the main flux due to their low melting point and high fluidity, such as PbO-PbF2[27], PbF2-B2O3[28], PbO-PbF2-B2O3[29]. However, the crystal grown from the Pb-based flux contains some undesired impurities and intrinsic defects, which severely affect the microwave and magneto-optic properties[19]. Based on this, the lead-free flux began to attract the attention of researchers, such as BaO-B2O3[30], Na2O-B2O3[31], BaO-BaF2-B2O3[32]. In recent years, both the size and quality of YIG crystals have been improved gradually with the advent of the accelerated crucible rotation technique[33] and modified seeding procedure[34]. However, the preparation of large size and high quality YIG single crystal remains a huge and longstanding challenge. ...
Y3Fe5O12 single-crystal growth by top seeded solution growth method
1
1984
... In the crystal growth process, YFeO3 phase is easily incorporated with YIG crystal at the condition of high temperature[35]. Therefore, the high quality YIG seed crystal should be seeded to avoid the occurrence of YFeO3 phase. Fig. 2(a) shows the XRD pattern of YIG crystal, exhibiting a pure garnet structure without any second phase in the apparatus resolution, which is accordance with the standard card (PDF#43-0507). ...
Cerium substitution in yttrium iron garnet: valence state, structure, and energetics
1
2014
... The garnet structure of YIG crystal was measured at room temperature, which is shown in Fig. 2(b). The crystal structure shows that YIG belongs to the cubic crystallographic system with a space group of Ia3d. The lattice parameters are a=b=c=1.23790 nm, α=β=γ=90° and Z=8, which is completely consistent with the previous data[36]. Fig. 2(c, d) show the sublattice structure and oxygen coordination around the Y3+ and Fe3+ ions in the lattice. Obviously, YIG crystal possesses three sublattices, i.e. Fe3+ ions occupied the octahedral A-sites and tetrahedral D-sites, and Y3+ ions occupied the dodecahedral C-sites[37]. The dodecahedral coordination Y3+ ions are diamagnetic and do not contribute to the optical or magnetic properties[38]. Nevertheless, Fe3+ ions at A-sites and D-sites sublattices surrounded by oxygen ions are separated, i.e. the spins of two Fe3+ ions at A-sites are antiparallel to that of three Fe3+ ions at D-sites, forming a net magnetization and Faraday rotation through the ferromagnetically coupled interaction[39-40]. The magnetic and magneto-optic properties of the as-grown YIG crystal are elaborated below. ...
Magnetic and crystallographic properties of substituted yttrium-iron garnet, 3Y2O3-xM2O3-(5-x) Fe2O3
1
1958
... The garnet structure of YIG crystal was measured at room temperature, which is shown in Fig. 2(b). The crystal structure shows that YIG belongs to the cubic crystallographic system with a space group of Ia3d. The lattice parameters are a=b=c=1.23790 nm, α=β=γ=90° and Z=8, which is completely consistent with the previous data[36]. Fig. 2(c, d) show the sublattice structure and oxygen coordination around the Y3+ and Fe3+ ions in the lattice. Obviously, YIG crystal possesses three sublattices, i.e. Fe3+ ions occupied the octahedral A-sites and tetrahedral D-sites, and Y3+ ions occupied the dodecahedral C-sites[37]. The dodecahedral coordination Y3+ ions are diamagnetic and do not contribute to the optical or magnetic properties[38]. Nevertheless, Fe3+ ions at A-sites and D-sites sublattices surrounded by oxygen ions are separated, i.e. the spins of two Fe3+ ions at A-sites are antiparallel to that of three Fe3+ ions at D-sites, forming a net magnetization and Faraday rotation through the ferromagnetically coupled interaction[39-40]. The magnetic and magneto-optic properties of the as-grown YIG crystal are elaborated below. ...
Magnetic domain studies on yttrium iron garnet using an infrared image converter
3
1975
... The garnet structure of YIG crystal was measured at room temperature, which is shown in Fig. 2(b). The crystal structure shows that YIG belongs to the cubic crystallographic system with a space group of Ia3d. The lattice parameters are a=b=c=1.23790 nm, α=β=γ=90° and Z=8, which is completely consistent with the previous data[36]. Fig. 2(c, d) show the sublattice structure and oxygen coordination around the Y3+ and Fe3+ ions in the lattice. Obviously, YIG crystal possesses three sublattices, i.e. Fe3+ ions occupied the octahedral A-sites and tetrahedral D-sites, and Y3+ ions occupied the dodecahedral C-sites[37]. The dodecahedral coordination Y3+ ions are diamagnetic and do not contribute to the optical or magnetic properties[38]. Nevertheless, Fe3+ ions at A-sites and D-sites sublattices surrounded by oxygen ions are separated, i.e. the spins of two Fe3+ ions at A-sites are antiparallel to that of three Fe3+ ions at D-sites, forming a net magnetization and Faraday rotation through the ferromagnetically coupled interaction[39-40]. The magnetic and magneto-optic properties of the as-grown YIG crystal are elaborated below. ...
... For magnetic materials, the saturation magnetization (MS), Curie temperature (TC), dielectric constant (ε') and ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) linewidth are considered important indicators in the applications of linear and nonlinear microwave devices. Fig. 3(b) exhibits the magnetization-field (M-H) curve of YIG crystal at room temperature with the saturation magnetization of 25.43 emu/g (1 emu=10-3 A/m2), showing a typical ferromagnetic characteristic. Fig. 3(a) shows the magnetic hysteresis loop in the magnetic field intensity of -1000- 1000 Oe to facilitate the observation of hysteresis. The coercive field (Hc) of YIG crystal is 8.61 Oe, and the remnant magnetization (Mr) is 0.84 emu/g. It is concluded that the coercive field of YIG crystal is small enough, indicating that the saturation magnetization can be achieved only with a small external magnetic field, which significantly reducing the requirements for external magnetic field in magneto-optic applications. Fig. 3(c) depicts the temperature-dependent magnetization for an applied magnetic field of 1000 Oe for YIG crystal. The ferrimagnetic to paramagnetic transition temperature (TC) was about 560 K, which is comparable to the previous reported data[38,41]. ...
... In addition, the Faraday rotation angle of YIG crystal at the wavelength of 1310 and 1550 nm were 200 and 160 (°)·cm-1, respectively, which is lower than the previously reported data (~220 (°)·cm-1@1310 nm)[47-48]. It is well known that the Faraday rotation effect is mainly attribute to the contribution of octahedral ferric ions[38]. However, the Fe3+ ions are easily reduced to Fe2+ ions in a low oxygen atmosphere[49] and the presence of Fe2+ ions will increase the optical absorption coefficient and weaken the Faraday rotation effect[50]. Therefore, we can speculate that the YIG crystal under the growth condition of a low oxygen partial pressure should contain large amounts of Fe2+ ions. ...
Magnetic and magnetodielectric properties of Y3-xLaxFe5O12 ceramics
2
2015
... The garnet structure of YIG crystal was measured at room temperature, which is shown in Fig. 2(b). The crystal structure shows that YIG belongs to the cubic crystallographic system with a space group of Ia3d. The lattice parameters are a=b=c=1.23790 nm, α=β=γ=90° and Z=8, which is completely consistent with the previous data[36]. Fig. 2(c, d) show the sublattice structure and oxygen coordination around the Y3+ and Fe3+ ions in the lattice. Obviously, YIG crystal possesses three sublattices, i.e. Fe3+ ions occupied the octahedral A-sites and tetrahedral D-sites, and Y3+ ions occupied the dodecahedral C-sites[37]. The dodecahedral coordination Y3+ ions are diamagnetic and do not contribute to the optical or magnetic properties[38]. Nevertheless, Fe3+ ions at A-sites and D-sites sublattices surrounded by oxygen ions are separated, i.e. the spins of two Fe3+ ions at A-sites are antiparallel to that of three Fe3+ ions at D-sites, forming a net magnetization and Faraday rotation through the ferromagnetically coupled interaction[39-40]. The magnetic and magneto-optic properties of the as-grown YIG crystal are elaborated below. ...
... In order to identify the above speculation, the XPS technique was employed to check the valence of Fe and O element. Fig. 6 exhibits the X-ray photoelectron spectrum of Fe2p and O1s lines and their Lorentzian- Gaussian dividing results of YIG crystal powders. As shown in Fig. 6(a), the Fe2p core level splits into 2p1/2 and 2p3/2 components binding energy of around 724.6 and 710.9 eV, respectively. However, the peaks for Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions exhibit a mixed peak and can be fitted by the Lorentzian-Gaussian fitting method[51]. The fitting result show that the binding energy of Fe2p1/2 is expected to be 725.23 eV for Fe3+ and 723.93 eV for Fe2+, and the binding energy of Fe2p3/2 is expected to be 711.73 eV for Fe3+ and 710.38 eV for Fe2+[39]. Therefore, it is confirmed that the oxidation state of Fe ions in the as-grown YIG crystal are in a mixed Fe3+ and Fe2+ states[52]. The percentage of Fe2+ can be estimated by peak area according to the fitting curves, and the result shows that Fe2+ accounts for about 54.59% in octahedral A-sites and tetrahedral D-sites. ...
Investigation of the structural, magnetic, impedance properties in samarium-doped yttrium iron garnet
1
2020
... The garnet structure of YIG crystal was measured at room temperature, which is shown in Fig. 2(b). The crystal structure shows that YIG belongs to the cubic crystallographic system with a space group of Ia3d. The lattice parameters are a=b=c=1.23790 nm, α=β=γ=90° and Z=8, which is completely consistent with the previous data[36]. Fig. 2(c, d) show the sublattice structure and oxygen coordination around the Y3+ and Fe3+ ions in the lattice. Obviously, YIG crystal possesses three sublattices, i.e. Fe3+ ions occupied the octahedral A-sites and tetrahedral D-sites, and Y3+ ions occupied the dodecahedral C-sites[37]. The dodecahedral coordination Y3+ ions are diamagnetic and do not contribute to the optical or magnetic properties[38]. Nevertheless, Fe3+ ions at A-sites and D-sites sublattices surrounded by oxygen ions are separated, i.e. the spins of two Fe3+ ions at A-sites are antiparallel to that of three Fe3+ ions at D-sites, forming a net magnetization and Faraday rotation through the ferromagnetically coupled interaction[39-40]. The magnetic and magneto-optic properties of the as-grown YIG crystal are elaborated below. ...
Magnetic and dielectric properties of Y3-xSmxFe5O12 (x=0 to 3.0)
1
2018
... For magnetic materials, the saturation magnetization (MS), Curie temperature (TC), dielectric constant (ε') and ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) linewidth are considered important indicators in the applications of linear and nonlinear microwave devices. Fig. 3(b) exhibits the magnetization-field (M-H) curve of YIG crystal at room temperature with the saturation magnetization of 25.43 emu/g (1 emu=10-3 A/m2), showing a typical ferromagnetic characteristic. Fig. 3(a) shows the magnetic hysteresis loop in the magnetic field intensity of -1000- 1000 Oe to facilitate the observation of hysteresis. The coercive field (Hc) of YIG crystal is 8.61 Oe, and the remnant magnetization (Mr) is 0.84 emu/g. It is concluded that the coercive field of YIG crystal is small enough, indicating that the saturation magnetization can be achieved only with a small external magnetic field, which significantly reducing the requirements for external magnetic field in magneto-optic applications. Fig. 3(c) depicts the temperature-dependent magnetization for an applied magnetic field of 1000 Oe for YIG crystal. The ferrimagnetic to paramagnetic transition temperature (TC) was about 560 K, which is comparable to the previous reported data[38,41]. ...
Study on dielectric and magnetodielectric properties of Lu3Fe5O12 ceramics
1
2009
... Fig. 4(a, b) depicts the temperature-dependent dielectric constant (ε') and dielectric loss (tanδ) at various frequencies of 10 Hz-1 MHz. Obviously, the temperature- dependent ε' exhibits very high frequency stability below 100 ℃, and tanδ at 1 MHz is only about 8.9×10-4. This is completely different from the Lu3Fe5O12[42] and Ho3Fe5O12[43] system, which exhibiting the typical relaxor behavior. ...
The effect of sintering temperature on magnetic and dielectric properties of Ho3Fe5O12 ceramics
1
2011
... Fig. 4(a, b) depicts the temperature-dependent dielectric constant (ε') and dielectric loss (tanδ) at various frequencies of 10 Hz-1 MHz. Obviously, the temperature- dependent ε' exhibits very high frequency stability below 100 ℃, and tanδ at 1 MHz is only about 8.9×10-4. This is completely different from the Lu3Fe5O12[42] and Ho3Fe5O12[43] system, which exhibiting the typical relaxor behavior. ...
Properties of epitaxial yttrium iron garnet films grown from BaO flux
1
2003
... It is well known that the impurities and intrinsic defects severely affect the microwave losses[44]. Therefore, the quality of the YIG crystal with regard to microwave applications was measured using the FMR tester, which were obtained on the selected spheres at 5 GHz. The small YIG resonator spheres with the diamater of 0.5 mm are shown in Fig. 4(c). The FMR linewidth (ΔH) of the YIG spheres (signed by sample S1-S6) and the average ΔH are shown in Fig. 4(c, d). The values of ΔH reflect the presence of the fluctuations for the six sphere samples, which is mainly attribute to the sphericity or the crystal defects. As a result, the average ΔH is 0.679 Oe, which is comparable to the previous reported YIG crystal[45]. ...
Preparation and crystal imperfections of yttrium-iron garnet single crystals grown in flux melts by slowly cooling and gradient transport I. Striations
1
1973
... It is well known that the impurities and intrinsic defects severely affect the microwave losses[44]. Therefore, the quality of the YIG crystal with regard to microwave applications was measured using the FMR tester, which were obtained on the selected spheres at 5 GHz. The small YIG resonator spheres with the diamater of 0.5 mm are shown in Fig. 4(c). The FMR linewidth (ΔH) of the YIG spheres (signed by sample S1-S6) and the average ΔH are shown in Fig. 4(c, d). The values of ΔH reflect the presence of the fluctuations for the six sphere samples, which is mainly attribute to the sphericity or the crystal defects. As a result, the average ΔH is 0.679 Oe, which is comparable to the previous reported YIG crystal[45]. ...
Valency control of iron in Y3Fe5O12 single crystals grown by the floating zone method
1
1994
... The YIG wafers were polished to optical grade with no anti-reflective coating for transmission spectrum measurement in the near infrared region of 980 to 2300 nm, which is shown in Fig. 5. Obviously, it possesses an intense absorption edge from 980 nm which influence extends out to about 1180 nm, and then the optical absorption becomes extremely lower in the wavelength of ~1180 nm. It was more significant that the transmittance at 1310 and 1550 nm are both higher than 75%, exhibiting a high level of transparency. According to the previous reports, the ideal transparency for pure YIG in the near infrared region is about 75%[46]. The results showed that the transmittance of the as-grown YIG crystal is very close to the theoretical value, which is consistent with the previously data. ...
Temperature-stable Faraday rotator material and its use in high-performance optical isolators
1
1986
... In addition, the Faraday rotation angle of YIG crystal at the wavelength of 1310 and 1550 nm were 200 and 160 (°)·cm-1, respectively, which is lower than the previously reported data (~220 (°)·cm-1@1310 nm)[47-48]. It is well known that the Faraday rotation effect is mainly attribute to the contribution of octahedral ferric ions[38]. However, the Fe3+ ions are easily reduced to Fe2+ ions in a low oxygen atmosphere[49] and the presence of Fe2+ ions will increase the optical absorption coefficient and weaken the Faraday rotation effect[50]. Therefore, we can speculate that the YIG crystal under the growth condition of a low oxygen partial pressure should contain large amounts of Fe2+ ions. ...
Optical isolators using Bi-substituted rare-earth iron garnet films
1
1990
... In addition, the Faraday rotation angle of YIG crystal at the wavelength of 1310 and 1550 nm were 200 and 160 (°)·cm-1, respectively, which is lower than the previously reported data (~220 (°)·cm-1@1310 nm)[47-48]. It is well known that the Faraday rotation effect is mainly attribute to the contribution of octahedral ferric ions[38]. However, the Fe3+ ions are easily reduced to Fe2+ ions in a low oxygen atmosphere[49] and the presence of Fe2+ ions will increase the optical absorption coefficient and weaken the Faraday rotation effect[50]. Therefore, we can speculate that the YIG crystal under the growth condition of a low oxygen partial pressure should contain large amounts of Fe2+ ions. ...
Influence of growth atmosphere on solubility limit of Ce3+ ions in Ce-substituted fibrous yttrium iron garnet single crystals
1
2001
... In addition, the Faraday rotation angle of YIG crystal at the wavelength of 1310 and 1550 nm were 200 and 160 (°)·cm-1, respectively, which is lower than the previously reported data (~220 (°)·cm-1@1310 nm)[47-48]. It is well known that the Faraday rotation effect is mainly attribute to the contribution of octahedral ferric ions[38]. However, the Fe3+ ions are easily reduced to Fe2+ ions in a low oxygen atmosphere[49] and the presence of Fe2+ ions will increase the optical absorption coefficient and weaken the Faraday rotation effect[50]. Therefore, we can speculate that the YIG crystal under the growth condition of a low oxygen partial pressure should contain large amounts of Fe2+ ions. ...
Oxidizing effects of high temperature annealing in reducing atmosphere in Ca-doped YIG films
1
1980
... In addition, the Faraday rotation angle of YIG crystal at the wavelength of 1310 and 1550 nm were 200 and 160 (°)·cm-1, respectively, which is lower than the previously reported data (~220 (°)·cm-1@1310 nm)[47-48]. It is well known that the Faraday rotation effect is mainly attribute to the contribution of octahedral ferric ions[38]. However, the Fe3+ ions are easily reduced to Fe2+ ions in a low oxygen atmosphere[49] and the presence of Fe2+ ions will increase the optical absorption coefficient and weaken the Faraday rotation effect[50]. Therefore, we can speculate that the YIG crystal under the growth condition of a low oxygen partial pressure should contain large amounts of Fe2+ ions. ...
Sc modified multiferroic BiFeO3 thin films prepared through a sol-gel process
1
2007
... In order to identify the above speculation, the XPS technique was employed to check the valence of Fe and O element. Fig. 6 exhibits the X-ray photoelectron spectrum of Fe2p and O1s lines and their Lorentzian- Gaussian dividing results of YIG crystal powders. As shown in Fig. 6(a), the Fe2p core level splits into 2p1/2 and 2p3/2 components binding energy of around 724.6 and 710.9 eV, respectively. However, the peaks for Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions exhibit a mixed peak and can be fitted by the Lorentzian-Gaussian fitting method[51]. The fitting result show that the binding energy of Fe2p1/2 is expected to be 725.23 eV for Fe3+ and 723.93 eV for Fe2+, and the binding energy of Fe2p3/2 is expected to be 711.73 eV for Fe3+ and 710.38 eV for Fe2+[39]. Therefore, it is confirmed that the oxidation state of Fe ions in the as-grown YIG crystal are in a mixed Fe3+ and Fe2+ states[52]. The percentage of Fe2+ can be estimated by peak area according to the fitting curves, and the result shows that Fe2+ accounts for about 54.59% in octahedral A-sites and tetrahedral D-sites. ...
Electric and dielectric properties of polycrystalline yttrium iron garnet: space-charge-limited currents in an inhomogeneous solid
1
1973
... In order to identify the above speculation, the XPS technique was employed to check the valence of Fe and O element. Fig. 6 exhibits the X-ray photoelectron spectrum of Fe2p and O1s lines and their Lorentzian- Gaussian dividing results of YIG crystal powders. As shown in Fig. 6(a), the Fe2p core level splits into 2p1/2 and 2p3/2 components binding energy of around 724.6 and 710.9 eV, respectively. However, the peaks for Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions exhibit a mixed peak and can be fitted by the Lorentzian-Gaussian fitting method[51]. The fitting result show that the binding energy of Fe2p1/2 is expected to be 725.23 eV for Fe3+ and 723.93 eV for Fe2+, and the binding energy of Fe2p3/2 is expected to be 711.73 eV for Fe3+ and 710.38 eV for Fe2+[39]. Therefore, it is confirmed that the oxidation state of Fe ions in the as-grown YIG crystal are in a mixed Fe3+ and Fe2+ states[52]. The percentage of Fe2+ can be estimated by peak area according to the fitting curves, and the result shows that Fe2+ accounts for about 54.59% in octahedral A-sites and tetrahedral D-sites. ...
