VO2 Thermochromic Smart Window: Status, Challenges and Prospects
XU Fang,1,2, JIN Pingshi1, LUO Hongjie3, CAO Xun,1,2
1. State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51572284) National Natural Science Foundation of China(51972328) National Natural Science Foundation of China(51903244) Youth Innovation Promotion Association, Chinese Academy of Sciences(2018288) Science Foundation for Youth Scholar of State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructures(SKL201703) Shanghai Pujiang Program(18PJD051) Key Research and Development Plan of Anhui Province(1804a09020061)
Vanadium dioxide (VO2), as a transition metal oxide, has thermochromic property, which undergoes metal to insulator transition (MIT) in response to external temperature changes, and is accompanied by numerous changes in physical property. It has attracted widespread attention in the field of smart windows. In recent years, research on the preparation method of VO2, the phase change mechanism, and the improvement of optical performance are quite rich. However, practical applications still face technical bottlenecks and challenges such as higher intrinsic transition temperature (Tc), lower luminous transmittance (Tlum), insufficient solar modulation ability (ΔTsol), nonideal metastability and durability, and uncomfortable color for human eyes (brownish yellow). At present, there are many researches related to the improvement of the performance of VO2 itself owing to its insufficient optical property, and general methods for improving its performance such as elements doping, multilayer film structure design, and microstructure design have been widely adopted. This review summarizes the general performance improvement strategies of VO2 film, and highlights the latest research progress of VO2-based smart window service performance, low-temperature flexible preparation and color modulation in practical applications. Future development trends are also discussed in terms of skin comfort and environmental friendliness.
XU Fang, JIN Pingshi, LUO Hongjie, CAO Xun. VO2 Thermochromic Smart Window: Status, Challenges and Prospects. Journal of Inorganic Materials[J], 2021, 36(10): 1013-1021 DOI:10.15541/jim20210070
(a) Comparison of the optical hysteresis at 2000 nm of VO2 film and W-doped VO2 film[9]; (b) Transmittance hysteresis loops at λ=2000 nm for V1-xMoxO2 films[10]; (c) Temperature dependent transition hysteresis loops for the pure and Mg-doped VO2 films grown on ZnO substrates[14]
(a) 3D surface image of the luminous transmittance (Tlum, lt) calculation of the Cr2O3/VO2 (80 nm)/SiO2 multilayer structure on the thickness design of Cr2O3 (bottom layer) and SiO2 (top layer); (b) Transmittance spectra (350-2600 nm) at 25 (solid lines) and 90 ℃ (dashed lines) for the CVS structures with various thicknesses of SiO2 layers[26]; (c) Schematic illustration of H2O/VO2 film; (d) Transmittance spectra of VO2 films with and without H2O layer[24]; (e) Schematic illustration of SA/Glass/TVT structure; (f) Transmittance spectra in visible-NIR region at room temperature (25 ℃) and 95 ℃ of SA/Glass/TVT structure[25]. SA: SiO2/AZO (300 nm)/Glass Colourful figures are available on website
(a) Schematic illustration of the as-prepared 3DOM (3D Ordered Macroporous) VO2 (M) film; (b) Photographs of the VO2(M) films on glass slides; (c) Optical transmittance spectra of the VO2 (M) films with 3DOM structures[31]; (d) Schematic of fabrication route for nanoporous VO2 films; (e) Optical photograph of the nanoporous VO2 films on quartz; (f) Transmittance spectra of the nanoporous VO2 films[32]
Fig. 5
(a) Experimental flow chart for the synthesis of VO2@ZnO core-shell structure nanoparticles, (b)TEM image of VO2@ZnO core-shell structure nanoparticle; (c) Optical transmittance spectra at 20 and 80 ℃ of uncoated VO2 film and VO2@ZnO film; (d) Solar regulation efficiency (ΔTsol), luminous transmittance (Tlum), and durability at constant temperature (60 ℃) and humidity (90%) of different VO2-based smart window coatings[36]; (e) Schematic illustrations of four types of sample[39]
Fig. 6
Flexible films and their preparation flow chart
(a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication process for the SWNTs/VO2/mica hierarchical film; (b) Thin VO2/mica film showing excellent flexibility[45]; (c) Schematic illustration of the graphene-supported VO2 film[46]
(a) Pure hydrogel thin film at room temperature (25 ℃); (b) VO2/hydrogel hybrid at room temperature (25 ℃) and (c) 35 ℃[47]; (d) Model of the VO2 film comprising periodic silver-nanodisk array; (e) Reflection images of the pattern at 20 and 80 ℃, respectively[52]; (f) Photographs of pure IL-Ni-Cl complexes film, pure VO2 nanoparticles film, and VO2/IL-Ni-Cl composite film at 20 (left) and 80 ℃ (right)[48]
Vanadium dioxide nanoparticle- based thermochromic smart coating: high luminous transmittance, excellent solar regulation efficiency, and near room temperature phase transition
Facile and low-temperature fabrication of thermochromic Cr2O3/VO2 smart coatings: enhanced solar modulation ability, high luminous transmittance and UV-shielding function
Self-template synthesis of nanoporous VO2-based films: localized surface plasmon resonance and enhanced optical performance for solar glazing application
Enhanced chemical stability of VO2 nanoparticles by the formation of SiO2/VO2 core/shell structures and the application to transparent and flexible VO2-based composite foils with excellent thermochromic properties for solar heat control
Hybrid films of VO2 nanoparticles and a nickel(ii)-based ligand exchange thermochromic system: excellent optical performance with a temperature responsive colour change
... (a) Comparison of the optical hysteresis at 2000 nm of VO2 film and W-doped VO2 film[9]; (b) Transmittance hysteresis loops at λ=2000 nm for V1-xMoxO2 films[10]; (c) Temperature dependent transition hysteresis loops for the pure and Mg-doped VO2 films grown on ZnO substrates[14] ...
Facile solution-grown Mo-doped vanadium dioxide thermochromic films with decreased phase transition temperature and narrowed hysteresis loop width
... (a) Comparison of the optical hysteresis at 2000 nm of VO2 film and W-doped VO2 film[9]; (b) Transmittance hysteresis loops at λ=2000 nm for V1-xMoxO2 films[10]; (c) Temperature dependent transition hysteresis loops for the pure and Mg-doped VO2 films grown on ZnO substrates[14] ...
Density functional theory study of M-doped (M = B, C, N, Mg, Al) VO2 nanoparticles for thermochromic energy-saving foils
... (a) Comparison of the optical hysteresis at 2000 nm of VO2 film and W-doped VO2 film[9]; (b) Transmittance hysteresis loops at λ=2000 nm for V1-xMoxO2 films[10]; (c) Temperature dependent transition hysteresis loops for the pure and Mg-doped VO2 films grown on ZnO substrates[14] ...
Improved luminous transmittance and diminished yellow color in VO2 energy efficient smart thin films by Zn doping
Vanadium dioxide nanoparticle- based thermochromic smart coating: high luminous transmittance, excellent solar regulation efficiency, and near room temperature phase transition
Facile and low-temperature fabrication of thermochromic Cr2O3/VO2 smart coatings: enhanced solar modulation ability, high luminous transmittance and UV-shielding function
... (a) 3D surface image of the luminous transmittance (Tlum, lt) calculation of the Cr2O3/VO2 (80 nm)/SiO2 multilayer structure on the thickness design of Cr2O3 (bottom layer) and SiO2 (top layer); (b) Transmittance spectra (350-2600 nm) at 25 (solid lines) and 90 ℃ (dashed lines) for the CVS structures with various thicknesses of SiO2 layers[26]; (c) Schematic illustration of H2O/VO2 film; (d) Transmittance spectra of VO2 films with and without H2O layer[24]; (e) Schematic illustration of SA/Glass/TVT structure; (f) Transmittance spectra in visible-NIR region at room temperature (25 ℃) and 95 ℃ of SA/Glass/TVT structure[25]. SA: SiO2/AZO (300 nm)/Glass Colourful figures are available on website ...
A novel multifunctional thermochromic structure with skin comfort design for smart window application
... (a) 3D surface image of the luminous transmittance (Tlum, lt) calculation of the Cr2O3/VO2 (80 nm)/SiO2 multilayer structure on the thickness design of Cr2O3 (bottom layer) and SiO2 (top layer); (b) Transmittance spectra (350-2600 nm) at 25 (solid lines) and 90 ℃ (dashed lines) for the CVS structures with various thicknesses of SiO2 layers[26]; (c) Schematic illustration of H2O/VO2 film; (d) Transmittance spectra of VO2 films with and without H2O layer[24]; (e) Schematic illustration of SA/Glass/TVT structure; (f) Transmittance spectra in visible-NIR region at room temperature (25 ℃) and 95 ℃ of SA/Glass/TVT structure[25]. SA: SiO2/AZO (300 nm)/Glass Colourful figures are available on website ...
Optical design and stability study for ultrahigh-performance and long-lived vanadium dioxide-based thermochromic coatings
1
2018
... (a) 3D surface image of the luminous transmittance (Tlum, lt) calculation of the Cr2O3/VO2 (80 nm)/SiO2 multilayer structure on the thickness design of Cr2O3 (bottom layer) and SiO2 (top layer); (b) Transmittance spectra (350-2600 nm) at 25 (solid lines) and 90 ℃ (dashed lines) for the CVS structures with various thicknesses of SiO2 layers[26]; (c) Schematic illustration of H2O/VO2 film; (d) Transmittance spectra of VO2 films with and without H2O layer[24]; (e) Schematic illustration of SA/Glass/TVT structure; (f) Transmittance spectra in visible-NIR region at room temperature (25 ℃) and 95 ℃ of SA/Glass/TVT structure[25]. SA: SiO2/AZO (300 nm)/Glass Colourful figures are available on website ...
TiO2(R)/VO2(M)/ TiO2(A) multilayer film as smart window: combination of energy- saving, antifogging and self-cleaning functions
... (a) Schematic illustration of the as-prepared 3DOM (3D Ordered Macroporous) VO2 (M) film; (b) Photographs of the VO2(M) films on glass slides; (c) Optical transmittance spectra of the VO2 (M) films with 3DOM structures[31]; (d) Schematic of fabrication route for nanoporous VO2 films; (e) Optical photograph of the nanoporous VO2 films on quartz; (f) Transmittance spectra of the nanoporous VO2 films[32] ...
Self-template synthesis of nanoporous VO2-based films: localized surface plasmon resonance and enhanced optical performance for solar glazing application
2
2019
... (a) Schematic illustration of the as-prepared 3DOM (3D Ordered Macroporous) VO2 (M) film; (b) Photographs of the VO2(M) films on glass slides; (c) Optical transmittance spectra of the VO2 (M) films with 3DOM structures[31]; (d) Schematic of fabrication route for nanoporous VO2 films; (e) Optical photograph of the nanoporous VO2 films on quartz; (f) Transmittance spectra of the nanoporous VO2 films[32] ...
Enhanced chemical stability of VO2 nanoparticles by the formation of SiO2/VO2 core/shell structures and the application to transparent and flexible VO2-based composite foils with excellent thermochromic properties for solar heat control
... [36], (e)不同位置保护层的样品示意图[39](a) Experimental flow chart for the synthesis of VO<sub>2</sub>@ZnO core-shell structure nanoparticles, (b)TEM image of VO<sub>2</sub>@ZnO core-shell structure nanoparticle; (c) Optical transmittance spectra at 20 and 80 ℃ of uncoated VO<sub>2</sub> film and VO<sub>2</sub>@ZnO film; (d) Solar regulation efficiency (Δ<i>T</i><sub>sol</sub>), luminous transmittance (<i>T</i><sub>lum</sub>), and durability at constant temperature (60 ℃) and humidity (90%) of different VO<sub>2</sub>-based smart window coatings<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b36">36</xref>]</sup>; (e) Schematic illustrations of four types of sample<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b39">39</xref>]</sup>Fig. 5
(a) Experimental flow chart for the synthesis of VO<sub>2</sub>@ZnO core-shell structure nanoparticles, (b)TEM image of VO<sub>2</sub>@ZnO core-shell structure nanoparticle; (c) Optical transmittance spectra at 20 and 80 ℃ of uncoated VO<sub>2</sub> film and VO<sub>2</sub>@ZnO film; (d) Solar regulation efficiency (Δ<i>T</i><sub>sol</sub>), luminous transmittance (<i>T</i><sub>lum</sub>), and durability at constant temperature (60 ℃) and humidity (90%) of different VO<sub>2</sub>-based smart window coatings<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b36">36</xref>]</sup>; (e) Schematic illustrations of four types of sample<sup>[<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="b39">39</xref>]</sup>Fig. 5
... (a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication process for the SWNTs/VO2/mica hierarchical film; (b) Thin VO2/mica film showing excellent flexibility[45]; (c) Schematic illustration of the graphene-supported VO2 film[46] ...
Flexible thermochromic window based on hybridized VO2/graphene
... (a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication process for the SWNTs/VO2/mica hierarchical film; (b) Thin VO2/mica film showing excellent flexibility[45]; (c) Schematic illustration of the graphene-supported VO2 film[46] ...
VO2/hydrogel hybrid nanothermochromic material with ultra-high solar modulation and luminous transmission
... (a) Pure hydrogel thin film at room temperature (25 ℃); (b) VO2/hydrogel hybrid at room temperature (25 ℃) and (c) 35 ℃[47]; (d) Model of the VO2 film comprising periodic silver-nanodisk array; (e) Reflection images of the pattern at 20 and 80 ℃, respectively[52]; (f) Photographs of pure IL-Ni-Cl complexes film, pure VO2 nanoparticles film, and VO2/IL-Ni-Cl composite film at 20 (left) and 80 ℃ (right)[48] ...
Composite film of vanadium dioxide nanoparticles and ionic liquid-nickel-chlorine complexes with excellent visible thermochromic performance
... (a) Pure hydrogel thin film at room temperature (25 ℃); (b) VO2/hydrogel hybrid at room temperature (25 ℃) and (c) 35 ℃[47]; (d) Model of the VO2 film comprising periodic silver-nanodisk array; (e) Reflection images of the pattern at 20 and 80 ℃, respectively[52]; (f) Photographs of pure IL-Ni-Cl complexes film, pure VO2 nanoparticles film, and VO2/IL-Ni-Cl composite film at 20 (left) and 80 ℃ (right)[48] ...
Solar-thermochromism of a hybrid film of VO2 nanoparticles and CoII-Br-TMP complexes
Hybrid films of VO2 nanoparticles and a nickel(ii)-based ligand exchange thermochromic system: excellent optical performance with a temperature responsive colour change
Dynamic plasmonic color generation based on phase transition of vanadium dioxide
2
2018
... (a) Pure hydrogel thin film at room temperature (25 ℃); (b) VO2/hydrogel hybrid at room temperature (25 ℃) and (c) 35 ℃[47]; (d) Model of the VO2 film comprising periodic silver-nanodisk array; (e) Reflection images of the pattern at 20 and 80 ℃, respectively[52]; (f) Photographs of pure IL-Ni-Cl complexes film, pure VO2 nanoparticles film, and VO2/IL-Ni-Cl composite film at 20 (left) and 80 ℃ (right)[48] ...
